Theories of Deviance

Structural Functionism
1. The morals that individuals are taught constrain their behavior
2. Deviance is functional for society
3. Durkheim though it was normal/necessary
Strain Theory
1. Culture dictates success for all citizens but institutional access is limited to middle/upper strata
Conflict Theory
1. Social conflict arises from incompatible interests (class, politics)
2. Crime exists b/c of dominant class interests
Feminist Theory
1. Patriarchal system oppresses/discriminates women
2. Deviance is male centered and subjugates women
Culture Conflict Theory
1. Subculture norms/values meshed w/American culture conflicts
2. 3 way of conflict: migration, territory takeover, or culture codes clash
Reaction Theory
1. Working-class males have highest difficulty succeeding due to subculture
2. Creates deviant behavior
Lower Class Culture Theory
1. Those that follow subculture norms become deviant to middle class norms
Differential Opportunity Theory
1. Criminal- arise from access to deviant subcultures
2. Conflict- attract those with violent attributes
3. Retreatist- attract those not inclined to violence but want to withdraw from society
Drift Theory
1. Cross into deviant subcultures occurs gradually from deviance to legitmacy
2. Applies to leaving deviance as well
Labeling Theory
1. Those caught during deviance are branded as a deviant
2. "A deviant is one whom the label has been applied; deviant behavior is behavior people so label"
Control Theory of Delinquency
1. Relationship between individual and society rather than interaction dynamics
2. Elements of the Bond
  1. Attachment
  2. Commitment
  3. Involvement
  4. Belief
Differential Association Theory
1. Deviant behavior is socially learned from friends/family
2. Criminal and non-criminal behavior express same needs/values
3. Become criminal b/c of criminal pattern contacts and isolation from noncriminal contacts
American Dream Cultural Axioms
1. Deflection of criticism of social structure onto oneself
2. Social power preservation by having lower class identify themselves with upper class
3. Less membership into society for those that fail to conform
Types of Individual Adaptation
1. Conformity- widely used due to cultural goals/institutionalized means
2. Innovation- access to cultural goals but no institutionalized means
3. Ritualism- rejects cultural goals and abides institutionalized norms
4. Retreatism- in the society but not of it (follow neither)
5. Rebellion- leads to a new/changed social structure (neither for nor against)
Constructionism
1. Redefine social problems as claims that various conditions constituted social problems
2. Focused of deviance, medicalization, macro level
3. Emphasizes role of interpretation, assigning meaning, understanding deviant behavior classification

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