leishmaniasis

signs and symptoms
1. Cutaneous leishmaniasis.
  1. sores on skin that can change in appearance and size over time.
2. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
  1. Stuffy nose
    1. Mouth or nose sores
      1. Frequent nose bleeds
3. Visceral leishmaniasis.
  1. Weight loss
    1. fever
      1. Swelling of the liver and spleen
        Abnormal blood tests
risk factors
1. traveling to endemic regions
  1. alterations in temperature
    1. poor socio-economic status
      1. Immunosuppression
complications
1. Septicemia
2. Splenic rupture
3. Secondary bacterial infection, including pneumonia and tuberculosis
4. Edema
5. hyperpigmentation
epidemiology
1. About 95% of CL cases occur in the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and Central Asia
  1. cutaneous leishmaniasis, estimates of the number of new cases per year have ranged from approximately 700,000 to 1.2 million or more.
investigation
1. Blood Smear : Giemsa stain microscopy for amastigote
2. Skin Biopsy: by scraping one of the ulcers
3. Serological test -ELISA
4. bone marrow biopsy
management
1. Sodium stibogluconate Meglumine antimoniate
  1. first-line agents for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.
    1. inhibition of glycolysis in the parasite at the phosphofructokinase reaction.
      1. Adverse effects:
        Pancreatitis
        elevated liver enzyme
        arthralgias
        myalgia
2. Miltefosine
  1. interfere with phospholipids in parasitic cell membrane to induce apoptosis.
which organ it affects
1. skin
  1. histology
  2. functions
    1. protection
    2. heat regulation
    3. excretion
    4. sensation
    5. absorption
  3. causes of skin itchiness
    1. skin conditions
      1. eczema
        psoriasis
        dry skin
    2. internal diseases
      1. kidney disease
        liver disease
        blood disease
    3. allergic reaction
      1. food
        medicine
        pollen
        bug bite
    4. skin cancer
  4. stages of wound healing
    1. Hemostasis
      1. inflammation
        proliferation
        remodeling
  5. types of skin lesions
    1. patch
      1. nodule
    2. macule
      1. plaque
    3. papule
      1. bullae
    4. vesicle
  6. neoplasms
    1. Keratoacanthoma
    2. actinic keratosis
    3. bowen's disease
    4. squamous cell carcinoma
    5. basal cell carcinoma
causes
1. Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies.
prevention
1. Wear clothing that covers as much skin as possible
  1. Spray indoor sleeping areas with insecticide.
    1. Use insect repellent on any exposed skin and on the ends of your pants and sleeves.

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leishmaniasis

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