Educational Philosophies

Existentialism
1. It teaches the Knowledge of what's important to the student. It is student-centered.
2. It deals with individual's/student's experiences to help them understand themselves.
3. It can include understanding the meaning of life, love, and death.
4. The founders are Jean-Paul Sartre and Maxine Greene.
5. It focuses on the question, "Why do I exist?"
6. The branches of philosophy behind Existentialism are Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Axiology.
7. Some subjects taught are fine arts, drama, literature, creative expression, and philosophy.
Perennialism
1. It stresses that truth is constant.
2. The curriculum should stress students' intellectual growth in Arts & Sciences.
  1. The three main focuses are truth, thinking, and intellectual ideas.
    1. It aims to develop student's intellectual and moral qualities.
3. Students study the best, most significant works humans have created (the classics).
  1. It teaches the knowledge of unchanging principles or great ideas of Western civilization.
    1. Examples may be studying the works of Shakespeare, Einstein, or Leonardo da Vinci.
4. The founders are Robert M. Hutchins and Mortimer Adler.
5. This educational philosophy is teacher-centered.
  1. The idea is to transfer knowledge (transmission).
Essentialism
1. Students gain the knowledge of core subjects (essentials).
2. William C. Bagley popularized the term "essentialism" in the 1930s.
3. It is teacher-centered.
4. Common knowledge is transmitted to students in systematic, disciplined way.
5. This way of teaching prepares students for life with practical instruction.
6. Society's views are promoted as this is a conservative philosophy.
Progressivism
1. John Dewey, an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, founded Educational Progressivism.
2. There are three assumptions for Progressivism.
  1. Content is focused on student's interests.
  2. Their needs are in relation to cognitive, affective, and psychomotor areas.
  3. Learning is active rather than passive.
3. The teacher serves as a guide whose primary responsibility is to facilitate student learning.

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