Zusammenfassung der Ressource
PUTTING RESEARCH INTO
PRACTICE,1-Epistemologies
- Positivism
- HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WO KNOW
- study nature world
- gather
- facts
- observe
- systematically
- ask
- direct questions
- confirm
- understand social reality
- establish the scientific credibility of social enquiry
- objective social reality waiting to be discovered
- yes
- facts are separated from values?
- YES! strong seperation
- objective
- rejecting theory
- Constructivism
- HOW - KNOW WHAT WO KNOW
- observing
- taking notes
- ask
- HOW-understand social reality
- rituals, understandings, and practices of everyday life
Anmerkungen:
- “continually
guessing at meanings, assessing the guesses, and drawing explanatory
conclusions from the better guesses” (Clifford Geeretz)
- objective social reality waiting to be discovered
- created in social situations through interaction and talk
- facts are separated from values?
- NO!
- interviewing or ethnography
- Critical realism
- HOW - KNOW WHAT WO KNOW
- HOW-understand social reality
- quantitative and qualitative methods
- objective social reality waiting to be discovered
- YES
- can't be known perfectly
- facts are separated from values?
- Documents/Archives
- supplement research
- EG:board meetings, internal memos, promotional materials,
advertising campaigns, speeches, press releases etc.
- primary focus-4 SITUATIONs
- Access restricted
- Access not possible
- secondary analysis
- re-analyse- datas from other people
- key organization and meaning
- Secondary datas
- Evaluating
- representitiveness
- when
- where
- who
- what
- authenticity
- credibility
- 4 AIMs-check
- research has already been done?
Anmerkungen:
-
For
books databases such as Books in Print, Worldcat and First
Search.
For
journal articles Current Contents: Social and Behavioural
Sciences, Jstor,
LexisNexis,
Social Science Index, British Humanities Index, Social Sciences Citation Index,
Arts and Humanities Index, Communication Abstracts, Market Research Abstracts.
- government, parliamentary and legal sources
Anmerkungen:
-
Reports
and press releases from government departments and regulatory agencies.
Draft
and final forms of legislation.
Debates
in assemblies(立法机构,议会)and evidence
given to enquiries.
Records
of court proceedings(诉讼,进程) where
communications policy is debated and drafted.
Much
of this material is now available online.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/courts-of-law-records-held-in-other-archives/
Governments
also collect a great deal of statistical information eg. The
Source, The Guide to Official Statistics, UK Statistics.
- facts and figures
Anmerkungen:
-
Willings
Press Guide
– details newspaper circulations, contents, cover prices, advertising rates
across Europe and the rest of the world.
World Radio and Television Handbook
Advertising Statistics Yearbook.
The
UN also produces a great deal of statistical information on the mass media
- contemporary events
Anmerkungen:
-
Newspaper are an invaluable source of up
to the minute information.
With
the internet it is now possible to track the world’s media from your computer
via archives or Nexis
- 4 types
- Official Collections
- National Archives
- Media Holdings
- Independent Collections.