Food security

Definition = all ppl, all time access to safe, nutritious food for healthy active lifestyle. Includes chronic hunger/nutritional deprivation
1. Transitional food insecurity = period of intensified pressure (conflict/economic)
2. chronic food insecurity = structural poverty
3. Integrated Phase Classification => different actions
  1. conflict insecurity
  2. weather constraints
  3. economic shocks
4. Malnourishment??
5. Factors
  1. Available = sufficient quantities
  2. Access to buy for individuals
  3. Utilisation (able to cook/clean = water/fuel)
  4. Stability = continued acess
6. Hunger hotspots ?
7. FOA Risk register
8. Ecosystem services/value
  1. Economic (building, food, fuel, tourism)
  2. Potential : useful undiscovered genes/medicine
  3. Function ; nutrient cycling, water+ air purification, extreme weather + stabilising climate, pest control
  4. Intrinsic ; hard to argue politically
9. Requires long, medium & short term strategies
10. Future - by the end of the 21st century
  1. 120% more water + 5% more cropland
  2. will reduce forest by 17% + produce 77% more GHG
  3. Need to produce 20% more food per decade
Causes/drivers = Biophysical, political, economic drivers
1. Case studies
  1. Rural Bangladesh
    Anmerkungen:
    - Area of high inequality/structural poverty. ⇒ High levels of food insecurity despite productive, flat land + large aquifer. 75% rural population = tenant/marginal land owners => depend on labour (+ own subsistence?) monsoon patterns becoming more unpredictable - affected rice (paddy crop) drought finally pushes many into food - rich farmers pump ground water. insecurity -> men migrate to cities and send sporadic income, women exploited for wages but need money to feed the household.
  2. Bengal famine
    Anmerkungen:
    - 984 famine - media portrayed as due to a drought, but there was more to it. Bengal famine - peak of ww2, colonial narrative puts it down to drought. there was a drought but there had been worse, but it was actually down to combination of drought, pre-existing inequalities in the area, hoarding by grain traders = rising prices, British failed to give aid, much grain was diverted to the front lines (war) = more price rises. Mostly labouring poor who suffered - depended on purchasing food from the market. - grounded in colonial policy, poor planning, socio-economic inequalities.  
  3. Tigray, Ethiopia
    Anmerkungen:
    - 2020 study: complex agro-ecological history - highly fertile + productive region since ancient times - used for sedentary agriculture. stresses (demographic, biophysical, political, economic) since 19th century reversed this Decades led to severe land degradation. farmers driven to steeper mountain slopes. soil moisture retention undermines, loss of top soil intensifies. restoration since 1990's Lower-lying areas are have responded less well to schemes, terraces (cut down soil degradation), check dams, small-scale water storage to irrigate in dry season. Yields double in a decade = better soil fertility. Also young people move to city due to higher cost of living - better access to money. Lower-lying areas are have responded less well to schemes being drier than mountain areas. Conflict in the area since may have affected outcomes. 
2. Cilmatic
3. Social/econ/political
4. Vulnerability = the extent to which a system/population is susceptible to harm - Adger, 2006
  1. Resilience = opposite of vulnerability - capacity of a system/population to adapt to shocks
    1. social resilience - communities - (e.g. access to irrigation changes, crop insurance)
    2. ecological resilience - ecosystems ... disturbances - e.g. through species/functional diversity
  2. Risk-Hazard approach: vulnerability = multiple outcomes to a biophysical event.
  3. Social/political approach: vulnerability rooted in social structures/relations + economic reason e.g. vulnerability also due to people not having a secure livelihood so are more at risk of food insecurity when drought/flooding hits, certain ethnic groups in a region may be at higher risk.
    1. - v. to climate change linked to one’s capacity to adaptt
      1. - class, gender, social position affects the resources accessible for those coping with stress
        - important ones: access to livelihood resources/assets e.g. land, irrigation, social networks, fertile land, resilient land, bank accoun
Overharvesting case study: pealgic birds
Genetic Resources
1. Breeding = selection for desired traits
  1. Conventional (19th century Europe) : crucial for food security. humanmade over millenia
  2. Genomic based (last 50 years) / GMO Breeding
    1. quick efficient, expensive, require technology, material taken form other species, within a species, delete, insert, repress a gene.
      1. Requires basic genetic diveristy.
        Commericial varieties do not have genetic diversity. Uniformity good fro convenience e.g. harvest on same day however all have same vulnerabilities = risky.
        Land races + crop wild relatives have diveristy. However landrace decline has been evident over the years (see example china)
        PARADOX: modern cultivars outproduce land races so farmers switch and landraces decline. But genetic diversity is required to breed new improved homozygous crop varieties
  3. Formal Breeding (Gregor Mendel)
    1. 1) Law of segregation
    2. Law of independent assortment
  4. Recurrent Backcross - to produce resistant varieties. resistant can be lost over generations.
  5. Breeds = definable & identifiable external characteristics. Homozygous.
    1. Some specie are multipurpose e.g. for milk and meat
2. Domestication
  1. 12 centres where it started (8 by Vavilov in 1920s)
  2. crop wild relative = original wild species which crops were domesticated from
3. / Agrobiodiversity = the genetic material of plants/animal which can have value to future generations.
4. Conservation
  1. In-situ: mostly for animals
  2. Ex-situ: mostly for plants
    1. Svalbard gene bank: under threat from melting top soils.
    2. focussed of 30 top crops for diverity in gene-banks.
      1. Diversity is not spread/equal - many crops have no stored material.
    3. Orthodox species can be frozen. Recalsident ones cannot.
    4. World rice seed bank in the Phillipines
  3. Strong movement, mostly MGOs, but limited resources. 36% ... have no stored genetic material.
Sustainable intensification

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