Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Ecology
- Populations and Behaviour Ecology
- Conditions
- Biotic or abiotic factors
- physicological features which are altered not consumed
- Neiche
- Huchinson 1957
- Individuals tollerances,
requirements & interactions to
define conditions and resorces
needed for life
- A neiche is not a
place but an idear
of the tollerences
and requirements
of an organisim.
- Many dimentional organisims only use a small
portion of their neiche (Realised neiche) there
full neiche is the fundimental which is being
used by other organims too
- Tempature
- tempature limits the groyth
and repoduction for an
organisim once it drops below
their otpimum condtions
- Bubblebees shiver to warm up like humans do
- With climate change
(warming the planet
and chaning the
conditions. This has
potentiall to change all
the life ballances on
eartth.
- Temp is one
dimention of a
multidimentional
system
- Metaboloic effectivness
increases with temp increases
untill a speific temp then the
enzymes die.
- differenet
tempatures suit
diffreent orgaisims eg
Lizzrads/ polar bear
- intraspecific competition
- two species occupy
the same neice
- Direct interaction (Interferance Competittion)
no direct interaction (Exploitation)
- Male 'Little Penguins' (Eudyptula minor) fight for
females for breading and then share the rearing of there
chicks, they can have 1-3 hatches of chicks and are
monogomous to each other for that breading season.
Found in colonies morst know are the coloney off the
coast of west Austrailia called penguin Island
- Competition for the same
rescorse by plants, the brich
trees and the bluebell fauna
- Can b one sided
- intraspecific
comp is density
dependent
- Mortality can be density
dependent, more organisms in
environments more death due to
competition for basic resorces.
- All environments have a
capacity that they can
ballance the birth and
death rates
- theoretical as due to
mulitdementional factors
means can never be level and
stable number, fully dynamic
- carring capicity only seen
where density depency is
not strongly compencaing
- more birth than death= pop increase
- Net recuritment
curves= numbers
rather than rates
- sigmoid= simplie , too
simple for most uses
- Asymmetic competition
- skewed data
- only in high
densities
and it goes
left
- preemping resorces
- early plants gain space
and establish self
therefore less affected
by competetion
- Rescources
- most of the time when they hsve
been used hey dont used they dont
come back. Exeption being sunlight
- Examples are nesting sites, mates, food
- Plants
- Compeat for access to sunlight for phosynthises
- Use light engey to convert to
sugar/food/growth and repair
energy therfore sunlight is of
greatest importance
- Primary producers,
Greatest biomass of all the
Organisims within food
web.
- resources are Co2, solar
ratdation, H2O, mineral
nuitrents.
- they also require nitrogen to compleate photosynthies
- Photosynthesis and water
- Small guard cells in
leavaes which open to
allow CO2: Stomatoa.
- Can shut down
during times of
drought
- delicate ballance between
- Teucrium polium has different
types of leaves in the dry and
wet season to have optium
chance of surviving!
- Native to the med and middle east
- used in cooking
and in some
medicines
- leaves change to prevent excess
waterloss in dry season and change
to absorb water and optimum
photosynthesis in wet seson
- plants can be incompetition
for light due to shadiing each
other with the leaves ,
reduce competition.
- Carbon Pathways
- Plants change and
evolove to sutit
environement over time
- arid environments
- 3 pathways
- C4
- seperates the carbon fixation
piror to photosynthesis in a
seperate cell
- produces a 4 carbon acid in the mesophyll
cells combining with phosphoenol pyruvate,
wich has a high affinity with C02
- conserve water
- co2 has a higher afftinity within cells (due to PEP) so
have to diffuse less co2 but still have same output
meaning they can have fuewer stomata cells open
therfore reduce the levels of h20 lost.
- Can conserve the co2 in bundle sheths
in a 3 carbon compound, mening they
prefore better in high temp, light intensity,
and lmted water.
- 8,000-10,000 species
18 plant families and
about 1/2 of all
grasses.
- CAM
- suculant plants in arid
environments and epiphytes
growing in forest canopies who
photosynthise at night.
- carbon fixation happens at night
wih lower temp reducing water
loss, combine co2 with PEP then
daylight and photosynthesis
- Comparison to normal
photosynthesis
- Normal lose: 380-900g
of water in dry mass C4
loose 250-300g CAm
lose 50g
- Defence against being a resorce
- Plants
- Stings, Spines, toxins
- Animals
- poisin
- mimicary
- Batesin
- copy a toxic species,
only works when toxic
is common an mimic
is rare!
- mullerian
- toxic mimics
another toxic.
- convelution
- Adapt self to make self something else
- Monarch butterflies eat milkweed larve which
gives them distatefull due to the toxin in
milkweed larve
- births and deaths
- density is better than size
- no individuals /pop area
- estimating pop size
- ariel photos
- population desities
- caputure mark relese recapture
- not accurate as
dont re-capure
enough, some are
trap happy
- pop size between one point and another
- N(Now)=N(then) births- deaths+ Leavers- Movers
- Dispersion
- random
- no patttern, not common
- solatary bird nesting sites
- clumped
- patches of high density then patches with no individuals
- primates, schools of fish
- uniform
- individuals evenly spread
- seabirds, planted trees
- counting
- Births
- Birds, loads of data avalible
- protective mothers and
lack of site lines
- Deaths
- countded by bones, decoposition makes difficult
- natural selection, shows life history of species
- evolution of life history
- cohort life tables
- flows one species from
birth to death
- Life tables
- Used to show the expected population
rates and chart declines and increases
- survivor ship curves
- life curves displayed using cohort data
- Type I – mortality
increases with age
e.g. large mammals
- few offspring that
receive good care.
Type II - mortality is
constant over
lifespan e.g. some
rodents like the
grey squirrel. Type
III - highest
mortality in juvinials
- Use statistics like
mulitvariour analist for
iteroparous species
- Life history evolution
- mainly schudule when
born repoduce and die
- Masive
differences
between and in
species
- Natural selection
favours the
individual with the
best traits
- How many repoductive episods
- One
- Semplarity
- Annual plants
- More
- Iteroparity
- perinial plants
- Interactions between species
- Communities, Ecosystems and
Global Biodiversity