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369265
C2
Beschreibung
GCSE Chemistry Mindmap am C2, erstellt von Callum Wardle am 18/11/2013.
Keine Merkmale angegeben
chemistry
chemistry
gcse
Mindmap von
Callum Wardle
, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von
Callum Wardle
vor fast 11 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource
C2
Topics
Structure of the earth
The lithosphere
The outer layer of the earth
Relatively cold and rigid
Comprises the crust and top part of mantle
Crust is to thick to drill through so we gather data from seismic waves
Produced in Earthquakes
Produced by man made explosions
The mantle is the zone between the core and crust
Convection Currents move plates
Plate tectonic theory
It was not immediately accepted
Only in 1960 when new sea floor spreading evidence was found was this theory accepted
Magma and Rocks
Magma rises up through the earths mantle
Different types of igneous rocks are formed from lava
Runny magma causes iron rich basalt
Thick magma causes silica rich rhyolite
Construction Materials
Raw Materials
Clay - Brick
Sand - Glass
limestone + clay - Cement
Cement and Concrete
Thermal decomposition
When one substance breaks down on heating to give at least two new substances
Calcium Carbonate -> Calcium Oxide and Carbon Dioxide
Cement is made when limestone is heated with clay
Concrete is made by mixing cement stones and water
Reinforced concrete
Under compression it is strong
Under tension it is weak
Metals and alloys
Copper
Extracting copper
Advantages of recycling copper
Cheap
Reduces mining
Keeps cost of copper down
Disadvantages of recycling copper
Less copper is mined
Separating produces pollution
Many people throw it away
Purrification
Electrolyte of copper(II)
Anode
Impure copper
Cu - 2e^- + Cu^2-
Cathode
Pure copper
Cu^2+ +2e^-
Alloys
Mixture containing at least one metal
Smart alloys
Return to shape when heated
Nitinol used in glasses frames
Smart alloys are becoming more important as we develop them further
Making Cars
Rusting and Corrosion
Rust
Metals that rust
Iron
Steel
Iron + water + oxygen --> hydrated Iron(III) Oxide
Acid rain and salt increase pollution
Rusting is oxidation
Corrosion
Aluminium
Does not corrode in moist air
Protective layer of aluminium oxide
Does not flake
The rate of corrosion depends on the metal
Car Materials
Car Bodies
Iron
Steel
Need to be malleable and strong
Aluminium
Low density, malleable and does not corrode
Recycling
Advantages
Saves finite resources
less crude oil is needed for plastics
Less landfill
Less toxic materials are dumped
Disadvantages
Fewer mining jobs
Difficult
Some times very expensive
Laws that make a certain percent of cars be recycled
Manufacturing chemicals
The Haber Process
Amonia
The worlds food depends on this for fertilizer
Nitrogen + Hydrogen <=> Ammonia
Reversable
Conditions
Catalyst made of iron
Increase reaction rate
Temperature of 450 degrees
Increases reaction rate
High pressure 20MPa
Increases percentage yield of ammonia
What are the costs
Increase when pressure is raised
Cost decrease when catalysts are used
Economic Considerations
Reaction rate and % yield must be high enough to give a sufficient daily yeld
Optimum conditions give the lowest cost
Acids and Bases
Nuetralisation
Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are bases
acid + base -> salt + water
H+ ions (hydrogen ions)
All acids contain these
pH is determined by the concentration of these
High concentration = low pH
Low concentration = high pH
OH- ions (hydroxide ions)
Alkalis contain these
Salts
Fertilisers
Growing crops
Farmers use fertilisers to increase crop yeilds
They replace essential elements used by the last crop
Nitrogen increase's plant growth by increasing plant protein
Eutrophication
Preparing Fertiliser
Alkali is titrated with acid with indicator
To work out the quantities needed
This is then repeated without the indicator
The dissolved fertiliser is then evaporated and crystalised
Chemicals from the sea
Salt
It is mined in two different ways
As rock salt
Can lead to subsidence
Solution mining
Extracting from brine
Electrolysis of Brine
anode: 2Cl– – 2e– → Cl2 (oxidation) cathode: 2H+ + 2e– → H2 (reduction).
Chlorine is made at anode
Hydrogen is made at the cathode
Medienanhänge
habereq (image/png)
017_bitesize_gcse_tschemistry_theproductionofammonia_haberprocess_464.gif (image/gif)
wation.gif (image/gif)
HClNaOH.gif (image/gif)
eutrophication (image/jpg)
electrolysis (image/jpg)
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