Communicative Approaches/CLT

Anmerkungen:

• First appeared in the 1970s. Influenced by the new methods called Humanistic such as Silent Way, CLL and Suggestopedia.

Anmerkungen:

• It pays systematic attention to functional as well as structural apects of language.  (Littlewood 1981)  They prioritize the communicative nature of language
• According to Richards & Rodgers:  - Language is a system for the expression of meaning; - The primary function of language is for interaction and communication; - The structure of language reflects its functional and communicative uses; - The primary units of language are categories of functional and communicative meaning as exemplified in discourse.  Richards & Rodgers (1986:71) 

1. Teacher - Learner Roles
   1. The teacher is a facilitator, encourages learners to take responsibility of their own learning, correction is not as relevant.
   2. The learner is a negotiator, bringing a good deal of motivation to the classroom; he should contribute as much as he gains; and thereby learn in an independent way. (Bree and Candlin 1980:110)
2. Use of authentic material in both, spoken and written language

Anmerkungen:

• It is a set of approaches more than a method. It concentrates on getting learners to do things with the language, to express concepts and to carry out communicative acts of various kinds...  Widdowson 1990

1. TASK-BASED LEARNING
   1. CATEGORIES OF TASKS
      1. Information-gap Activities
      2. Opinion-gap Activities
      3. Reasoning-gap Activities
      4. TYPES OF TASKS

         Anmerkungen:

         • - Diagrams and Formations - Maps  - Calculating - Stories and Dialogues - Personal
   2. According to N.S. Prabhu, language is acquired through engagement with meaning, not through focusing learners on structure.
   3. Learners focus on the task, not on the language.
   4. Correctioning is incidential.
2. LEXICAL APPROACH
   1. Lexis rather than Grammar for acquisition of a language according to Lewis
   2. Move away from Sructural view of language and learning of chunks in a hollistic mode
   3. Language consists of gramaticalized lexis not lexicalized grammar. Lewis (1993:vi)

1. SILENT WAY
2. CLL
3. SUGGESTOPEDIA