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372099
C1:Carbon Chemistry
Beschreibung
AS Level Chemistry (C1 - Carbon Chemistry) Mindmap am C1:Carbon Chemistry, erstellt von Oliver Wood am 19/11/2013.
Keine Merkmale angegeben
c1 - carbon chemistry
chemistry
chemistry
c1 - carbon chemistry
as level
Mindmap von
Oliver Wood
, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Mehr
Weniger
Erstellt von
Oliver Wood
vor fast 11 Jahre
294
14
0
Zusammenfassung der Ressource
C1:Carbon Chemistry
Crude Oil
A finite resource being used up faster than it is created
Difficult to find replacements
All easily-accessible deposits will soon be used up
Problems with Extraction
Transportation
Can harm birds, wildlife, environments
Even cleanups can use damaging detergents
Political Problems
UK is dependent on expensive oil/gas providing countries
High demand
Causes conflict between needs for medicine, plastics and dyes
Fractional Distillation
Heated different-length hydrocarbons pumped in; Intermolecular forces are broken, each fraction leaves at a different height
Molecules separate from eachother as molecules of gas
Products:
LPG
Anmerkungen:
Light Molecules: - Low boiling point - Not viscous - Highly flammable
Petrol
Paraffin
Diesel
Heating Oil
Fuel Oils
Anmerkungen:
Large Molecules: - High boiling point - Very Viscous - Low flammability
Bitumen
Smaller molecules eg. Petrol have WEAK intermolecular forces which can be broken at low temps.
Cracking
Large alkanes broken into smaller alkenes and alkanes
Alkenes have a double covalent bond
Useful for polymers
Cracking helps factories create smaller molecules to help match product demand eg. Petrol
Choosing Fuels
Coal
High energy value
Easily available
Bulky to store
High cost
Produces acid fumes
Acid rain
Soot
CO2
Easy to store for power stations
Petrol
High energy value
Readily available
Volatile for storage
High cost
Produces a few acid fumes
CO2
Nitrous Oxides
Increasing CO2 emissions concerning governments
Large populations burn more fuel
India
China
Many governments are aiming to cut down on CO2 emissions over 15-20 years
Combustion
Complete combustion
Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon + Water
CLEAN
High energy release
Carbon oxidises to carbon dioxide
Hydrogen oxidises to water
Incomplete Combustion
Fule + Oxygen = Carbon Monoxide + Water
TOXIC
Not as much energy released
Insufficient air supply
Carbon oxidises to carbon monoxide
Water oxidises to water
The burning of a substance with air (oxygen)
LIMEWATER TEST
Pass CO2 through Calcium Hydroxide solution
Turns cloudy white when CO2 present
Clean Air
78% Nitrogen
Balance is held because the processes are equally active
21% Oxygen
0.035% Carbon Dioxide
CO2 increase
Deforestation
Less photosynthesis
Increasing population of planet
Higher energy requirements
The Carbon Cycle
The Atmosphere
Theory Two
Used to be water vapor and CO2 rich
Water vapor condenses to create oceans
Water and plants absorb CO2 over time
Nitrogen levels slowly rise because it is unreactive
Theory One
Originally created by gasses inside earth
Volcanoes degassing
Creates sulphurous air
Pollution Control
Important to manage
Affects people's health
Affects natural and built environment
Sulphur Dioxide
Causes acid rain
Changes water pH
Erodes structures
Kills trees
Affects asthma
Catalytic converters
Made of platinum
Reaction between carbon monoxide and nitric oxide
Forms nitrogen (N2) and Carbon dioxide
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) -> N2(g) + 2CO2(g)
Making Polymers
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Single covalent bonds only
Alkenes
Double bond between two C atoms
Only carbon + hydrogen atoms
1 - Meth~
2 - Eth~
3 - Prop~
4 - But~
5-8 - Roman numerals eg Pent
Bromine tests for alkenes
Orange -> decolourises
'Saturated' = no double covalent bonds
Polymerisation
Many alkene monomers --> Polymer
High pressure
Catalyst needed
Creates long chain
Repeating patterns every 2 carbons
Called poly(ethene)
"Addition polymerisation"
Designer Polymers
Nylon
Tough, lightweight, blocks UV
GORE-TEX
All nylon properties
Also BREATHABLE
Polytetraflouroethene
PTFE
Breathable holes allow sweat through but not water
Polymer Disposal
Issues:
Landfill, doesn't decompose
Burning
Toxic gas
Wastes crude oil it was made of
Difficult to sort out diff. polymers
Recycling is difficult
New research
Dissolving
Bioderadable
Stretchy/riginess
Atoms held by covalent bonds
Plastics with low I.M. forces are flexible
Polymer molecules with low melting points
Strong I.M. forces are rigid
Molecules with high melting points
Can be 'crosslinked bridges'
Cooking and Food Additives
Protiens + Carbohydrates
Proteins change shape when cooked
'Denaturing'
Changes food texture
E.g. Eggs
Potato
Starch easier to digest when cooked
Cell walls split when cooked
Smoother texture
Baking powder
Sodium hydrogencarbonate
(+Heat)
Carbon Dioxide and water released
2NaHCO3 + Heat ----> CO2 + H2O
Emulsifiers
Bind water and oil/fat
Smells
Alcohol + Acid ---> Ester + Water
Esters
Used to make perfume
Perfumes
Must not be toxic
Must evaporate easily
Must not react with water (e.g. sweat)
Must not irritate skin
Be insoluble in water (Not wash off easily)
Solutions
Solvents + Solutes
Esters can be solvents
Volatility
(How easily it evaporates)
Kintetic energy must be given to particles
Break away from Intermolecular bonds
Nail Varnish
Will not dissolve in water
Water molecule attraction = stronger than water-nail varnish attraction
Paints and Pigments
Colloids - A type of mixture
Particles mixed and dispersed within liquid
Not dissolved
Components will not separate
Particles scattered evenly in mixture
Particles too small to settle
Paint Drying
Solvent evaporates
Applied as thin layer
emulsion = water based
Water evaporates away
Oil = Oil and Solvent
Solvent evaporates
Oil in both is left behind
Forms protective layer on top
Thermochromic Pigments
Uses
Thermometers
Fridges
Body temp
Electric Kettles
Babies spoons/bottles
Can be mixed with acrylics
Phosphorescent Pigments
Absorb and store energy
Release slowly over time
Safer than radiation
Medienanhänge
Fracrtional_distillatoin.gif (image/gif)
2013-11-19_19.24.04-1 (image/jpg)
2013-11-19_19.24.04-2 (image/jpg)
CO2_test.gif (image/gif)
Carbon_Cycle.gif (image/gif)
alkanes (image/jpg)
corsslinks (image/png)
emulsifier.gif (image/gif)
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