Zusammenfassung der Ressource
ENLIGHTMENT
- WHERE?
- IN FRANCE
- WHEN?
- DURING 18th CENTURY
- WHAT?
- AN INTELLECTUAL
MOVEMENT
- WHY?
- NEW IDEAS EMERGED
Anmerkungen:
- The emergence of reason and scientific method were use as tools to understand the world and make a progress.
- WHO?
- VOLTAIRE
Anmerkungen:
- He was a defender of free thought and religious tolerance.
He criticized absolutism and superstition.
- MONTESQUIEU
Anmerkungen:
- He had the idea of separating the powers in the government, legislative, executive and judicial.
His main work was the spirit of the laws, published in 1748.
- ROUSSEAU
Anmerkungen:
- He believed in equality among all people. In the social contract he tried to explain the union of individual liberty with the authority of government.
- CONSEQUENCES
- ECONOMY
Anmerkungen:
- Enlightment supported the birth of new economic policies, the way to enrich a nation is enriching its individuals.
- SOCIETY
- CHANGE THOUGHTS
Anmerkungen:
- The possibility of both material and moral progress of societies based on scientific discoveries. Knowledge could improve the lives of people in societies.
- POLITIC
- ENLIGHTMENT DESPOTISM
Anmerkungen:
- It tried to reconcile absolutism with progressive ideas. Monarch wanted to achieve progress and happiness for their subjects. For example, they built hospitals and helped with agriculture protecting it.
- 18th CENTURY
- OLD
REGIME
Anmerkungen:
- It was the political situation before the French Revolution.
- SOCIETY
- PRIVILEGED CLASSES
Anmerkungen:
- They didn´t work and they didn´t pay taxes directly. They had their laws and some honours.
- UNPRIVILEGED
Anmerkungen:
- They didn´t have any privileges and they had to pay taxes and work.
- POLITIC
- CHARLES II
Anmerkungen:
- After the death of king Philip IV, the Spanish throne passed to Charles II, who had genetic diseases that put in risk the possibility to have inheritor after him.
- WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION
Anmerkungen:
- The king of France, Louis XIV of Bourbon and the emperor of holy roman empire, Leopold I Habsburg (Austrian branch). They were married with the sisters of Charles II.
The king of French expected to receive the crown for his grandson, Philip duke of Anjou and the emperor of the holy roman empire expected to receive the crown for his son, Charles III, archduke of Austria.
- BOURBONS
Anmerkungen:
- Charle II died without heirs and this put an end to the reign of the house of Austria. The king appointed Philip of Anjou as his successor, who acceded to the throne as Philip V .
- ECONOMY
- PHYSIOCRACY
Anmerkungen:
- François Quesnay believed that the wealth of a nation was based on land, due to items and food were from agriculture and mining. He also defended economic freedom.
- ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Anmerkungen:
- Adam Smith said in his work, The Wealth of Nations, that individual work, is the true source of wealth.