SOC Chapter 7: Deviance

Anmerkungen:

• Behavior or trait that violates expected rules or norms. 

1. Stigma

   Anmerkungen:

   • A negative label that devalues a person and changes her or his self-concept and social identity. -E.g. Cause people to get cosmic surgery, join gangs, etc. 
2. Formal

   Anmerkungen:

   • Behavior that violates laws.
3. Informal

   Anmerkungen:

   • Behavior that disregards accpted social norms. Picking nose & teeth in public.
4. Crime

   Anmerkungen:

   • A violation of societal norms and rules or which punishment is specified by public law. 
   1. Criminologist

      Anmerkungen:

      • Researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. 
      1. Part I (Serious)

         Anmerkungen:

         • Murder, rape, assault, robbery, etc. 
      2. Part II

         Anmerkungen:

         • All other offenses including traffic violations. 
      3. Victimization Survey

         Anmerkungen:

         • Involves interviewing people about their experiences as crime victims. 
   2. Victimless Crimes

      Anmerkungen:

      • Acts that violate laws but involve individuals who don't consider themselves victims. 
   3. Intellectual Property

      Anmerkungen:

      • Crime that includes offenses such as software piracy, bootlegging musical recordings and movies, selling company trade secrets, and copyright violations.

Anmerkungen:

• The techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society.  Purpose is to eliminate or reduce deviance. 

1. Informal Social Controls

   Anmerkungen:

   • Because we genuinely care about the opinions of family members, friends, and teachers, ew try to live up to their expectations. 
2. Formal Social Control

   Anmerkungen:

   • Exists outside of the individual to regulate social behavior. E.g. Judge, policeman
3. Sanctions

   Anmerkungen:

   • Punishments or rewards for obeying or violating a norm.
   1. Positive

      Anmerkungen:

      • Rewards for a desirable behavior. Include a variety of social expressions: Smiling, hugging, "Congrats!"
   2. Negative

      Anmerkungen:

      • Punishments that convey disapproval for violating a norm. E.g. frowns, gossip, fines, arrests, etc. 

1. Anomie

   Anmerkungen:

   • The condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because o absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. (Durkheim concept)
2. Strain Theory

   Anmerkungen:

   • The idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain the goals. 
   1. 1. Conform

      Anmerkungen:

      • Most of us aren't deviant when we face social strain, many of us conform by working harder and longer to become successful.
   2. 2. Innovation

      Anmerkungen:

      • People have endorsed the cultural goal of economic success but turn to illegitimate means, especially crime, to achieve their goal.  -As a result, people steal much more in poverty stricken areas. 
   3. 3. Ritualism

      Anmerkungen:

      • Live up to the go-with-the-flow attitude. Don't expect unordinary success, but take normal means of staying afloat (getting education, experience, etc.)
   4. 4. Retreatism

      Anmerkungen:

      • People have rejected both the goals and the means of success.
   5. 5. Rebellion

      Anmerkungen:

      • Feel so alienated that they want to change the social structure entirely by substituting new goals and means for the original ones. 

1. White-collar Crime

   Anmerkungen:

   • Illegal activities committed by high-status individuals in the course of their occupation. 
   1. Occupational Crimes

      Anmerkungen:

      • Crimes committed in the workplace by individuals acting solely in their own personal interest. -E.g.-People working for the Veterans Administration giving unalledged money to their relatives for graduate courses. 
   2. Cybercrime

      Anmerkungen:

      • White-collar crimes that are conducted online.
2. Corporate (Organizational) Crimes

   Anmerkungen:

   • White-collar crimes committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies. -E.g.-False advertising, tax evasion, etc.
3. Organized Crime

   Anmerkungen:

   • Activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit.  E.g.-Drug distribution, prostitution, etc. 
4. Not Criminalized
5. Minimal Enforcement

   Anmerkungen:

   • Xerox-$22 million in sanctions for $1.4 billion gained in the crime. 
6. Priviledge & Corruption

1. Differential Association

   Anmerkungen:

   • People learn deviance through interaction, especially with significant others.  -E.g. Zach (natural mother's influence), Uncle Matt's son. -47% of state prisoners have a parent or other close relative that has been incarcerated.
2. Labeling Theory

   Anmerkungen:

   • A perspective which holds that society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant. -E.g. Men-Hypersexuality  Women-Binge eaters.
3. Primary Deviance

   Anmerkungen:

   • Initial violation of a norm or a law.  E.g. Not attending a funeral, stealing, or even murder. 
4. Secondary Deviance

   Anmerkungen:

   • Rule-breaking behavior that people adopt in response to the reactions of others.  -The more that people engage in deviant behavior, the more that they will accept the label associated with the behavior. -E.g. Kid smoking marijuana is labeled as a "druggie."

Anmerkungen:

• The government agencies-including the police, courts, and prisons-that are charged with enforcing laws, passing judgment on offenders, and changing criminal behavior. 

1. Crime Control Model

   Anmerkungen:

   • An approach that believes that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear apprehension or punishment. -Sentencing, Incarceration, Capital Punishment.
2. Hot Spots

   Anmerkungen:

   • Areas of high criminal activity.
3. Rehabilitation