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Plato and Aristotle Summary
Beschreibung
AS - Level (Year 1) Philosophy (1) Ancient Greek Influences on the Philosophy of Religion) Mindmap am Plato and Aristotle Summary, erstellt von Summer Pearce am 20/10/2015.
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(year 1) philosophy
1) ancient greek influences on the philosophy of religion
as - level
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Summer Pearce
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Plato and Aristotle Summary
Plato
Biographical info
pupil of Socrates
who was executed for 'corrupting the youth'
after Socrates' death, Plato travelled around the world
Influenced by order of Pythagoreans
his lifetime was approx. 428-347 BC
founded The Academy
Greek equivalent of Oxford
still standing and in high demand today
Works
The Republic
(Novel where Allegory of the Cave is found)
makes contrast between people who see appearances and mistake them for truth and those who see the truth
most people are philosophical ignorant
we need to recognise that the Forms are the only 'real' things we can be certain of
enlightened philosophers know about Forms, and thus should lead the ignorant people
Allegory also presents idea that politicians are a) as ignorant as the common man or b) lying to their people
philosophers should lead because they focus on revealing truth
Parmenides
Meno
way of thinking
a posteriori or empirical knowledge = merely opinions
a priori knowledge = certain
Theory of Forms
Other realm besides the physical world
forms are perfect and pure concepts that do not exist in time or space, have a physical form or change
Form of the Good
ultimate form
illuminates other forms
ultimate end - aim of everything is goodness
Christians later defined this as God
our soul has knowledge from its existence in the Realm of the Forms
we can recognise imitations of forms
e.g) form of a dog
they don't all look the same, but we can recognise they are all the same species
our soul is immortal and lives on after death
dualist (soul and body are separate)
Aristotle
Way of thinking
emphasises importance of empirical study
scientific
rejected dualism
materialist
only body is real and there is no afterlife
rejected theory of Forms
Four Causes
Material
matter something is made out of
Formal
form something takes
Efficient
way in which something is built/created
Final
original purpose of something
explains why things exist the way they do
Prime Mover
unchanging cause of all that exists
is the final cause of everything
made the first cause of all that exists
causes motion and change of universe without moving or changing
must be good
anything changing is bad, as there is room for improvement
exists by necessity (it has to exist)
parallels to theist God
eternal
cause of universe
leader
no physical body
subject to change
PM cannot change
spiritual body that is immaterial
perfect
form of intelligence itself
only role is to think about itself
if it thinks of world, its imperfect
fully actuality
if it has potential to become something else, it's no longer PM
differences to theist God
cannot interact with believers
transcendent
only thinks of itself
no plan for our lives
doesn't know us at all
physical world is constantly changing and moving
change or motion is always caused by something
objects in the world have two states of being
potentiality
possibility of doing or becoming something
actuality
when a previous potential is achieved
e.g) an 'actual' child is a 'potential' adult
criticisms
relationship between PM and universe is unclear
idea that PM causes events in universe through 'thinking' is very vague
PM seems to be very unloving, as it has no involvement in our lives
why would it create us if not because of love?
described as 'intelligence' so must do it consciously
is there really a final cause or purpose the universe?
Bertrand Russell argues there doesn't need to be a final cause for the universe, it could just be there
influence on Christianity
ideas influenced development of Christian philosophy and arguments for the existence of God
lots of similarities between PM and God
some say it is God
PM influenced medieval thinking about God
ideas are used to explain the presence of Jesus in bread and wine in R. Cath Eucharist service
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