The Basics of Complex adaptive systems theory

Anmerkungen:

• ecosystems wit no historical analogue 

1. An ecosystem will be altered by directional environmental drivers or the addition or loss of an important species (biotic changes)
   1. New state: internal restructuring due to new biotic and abiotic interactions further alters community compositions

      Anmerkungen:

      •  though changes in abundances or species losses, through changes in biogeochemical interactions (resulting in novel ecosystem) 
2. New silvicultural challenges are arising with changing human desires, loss species and climate change
   1. Now we should
      1. Manage forests to provide a variety of desired ecossytem goods and services at an acceptable cost
      2. Ensure ability of managed forest to adapt to diverse and unexpected future conditions
      3. Prescribe and promote novel ecosystems
      4. Increase ecosystem resilience and adaptability, and promote desirable outcomes
      5. Paradigm shift in forestry to complexity science
         1. Viewing forest as complex adaptive systems can provide silviculture a new conceptual framework
            1. Managing for complexity involves thinking careful about types of interactive processes that occur within forests and how they enable forests to self-organize with minimal intervention after disturbance
         2. Increase resilience to stress
         3. Much of the order/pattern we see in the world comes, not from top down control, but from local-level (bottom-up) interactions among system components (self-organization).

1. Interactions among the parts cause the behaviour of the whole to be more than the sum of its parts

Anmerkungen:

• among components and with the environment, which channels energy and allowing ecosystems to self-organize, function and evolve. 

Anmerkungen:

• Occur wen organisms receive feedback from their environment and modify their behaviour accordingly, allowing control over the destiny of the ecosystem,

1. Positive feedback

   Anmerkungen:

   • Mutualisms
2. Negative feedback

   Anmerkungen:

   • competition, or density-dependant control; behaviour changes in response to resource limitations
3. Fast-forward mechanism

   Anmerkungen:

   • Trees produce waxes to prevent water loss during drought; resins to pitch out bark beetles that bore into the bark 

Anmerkungen:

• Complex estruture that emerges out of interactions and feedbacks among the parts 

Anmerkungen:

• The whole is greater than it's parts

Anmerkungen:

• Means that changes are maintained within certain bounds, and key patterns and processses are protected and maintained 

1. Productivity and stability

   Anmerkungen:

   • of ecosystem comes from complex interactions among the many parts, and the positive and negative feedbacks between those parts

Anmerkungen:

• No skin; local ecosystems are part of an interacting network of ecosystem that compose landscapes, region, the earth. 

Anmerkungen:

• Because the boundaries are diffuse; system is open to the outside 

Anmerkungen:

• Each ecosystem comprises numerous smaller systems and at the same time is part of a hierarchy of larger ecosystems

Anmerkungen:

• resulting from the adaptation and evolution of organisms that comprise the community 

Anmerkungen:

• because organisms evolve in an somewhat ordered yet random fashion 

Anmerkungen:

• resource limit on photosynthesis
• making relationships somewhat unpredictable with surprising consequences 

1. Non-linear réponses

   Anmerkungen:

   • can have threshold changes with non-catastrophic reponses, where the response can be reversible if the conditions change back to initial conditions; 
   1. Non-catastrophic

      Anmerkungen:

      • where the response can be reversible if the conditions change back to initial conditions
   2. Catastrophic reponses

      Anmerkungen:

      • where there is a bifurcation (split) into a new state that is not reversible when conditions change back to initially conditions 

Anmerkungen:

• genes or structure (CWD remaining from previous disturbances

Anmerkungen:

• i.e. following disturbance

1. Uncertain future conditions

   Anmerkungen:

   • Implies allowing forest development to follow a variety of possible paths
2. Ill-defined boundaries

   Anmerkungen:

   • outside influences inherent chanracteritcis of forest ecosystem dynamics 
3. Never at equilibrium

   Anmerkungen:

   • Adopt view that ecosystem structures and process are continually changing and this change is important 
4. Self-regulated

   Anmerkungen:

   • Occurs through positive and negative feedback loops; requires new multi-scale approaches 
5. Develop unexpected properties

   Anmerkungen:

   • iportant factor in ecosystem resilience -creativity 
6. Affected by initial conditions/previous states

   Anmerkungen:

   • remember previous states (i.e.  coppice systems, present day structural retention)