MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHEME: smallest independent unit of language
WORD:a unit of language consisting in one or more spoken sounds or their writing representation.
1. WORDS ARE COMPOSED
  1. AFIXXATION
    1. Prefix: change the meaning of the word
    2. Suffix: change the category or part of the speech
  2. DERIVATION: a new word is created, the way that we change from verbs to noun. e.g.,N= happiness (v=happy - Affix= ness)
  3. COMPOUNDING MULTI WORDS UNIT : is the creation of new words of several existing ones in which independent words can occur. e.g., blackboard (adj.+ noun), underarm (prep.+noun).
    1. Compound words are not limited to two words, multi word units,e.g, sail boat, sail boat rigging, sail boat rigging design.
    2. compound words are written as a single word or as a hyphenated, justas adj. not a non. e.g. ape-man
    3. noun+noun= chain smoker
    4. adj.+noun= blackboard
    5. prep.+ noun= underarm
    6. verb+noun= go-cart
    7. adj.+adj.= icy-cold
    8. noun+adj = skin deep
  4. WORD STRUCTURE: two kinds of morphemes
    1. Simple: we can not divide the word. (e.g., boy, hospital)
    2. Complex: morpheme and suffix from noun comes to a verb. (e.g., hospitalization hospital = morpheme, iza-ation = suffix,
  5. OTHER WORD FORMATION PROCESS
    1. Blending: combining to separate forms, to produce a new single one. (e.g., emoticon = emotion+ icon
    2. Clipping: a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form. (e.g., doctor - doc).
    3. Backformation: a reduction process to form another word of a different type ( reduction noun to verb). e.g., ( babysit - baby sitter).
    4. Conversion: no changes in the function of a word.(e.g., They bottle the milk - bottle=n and bottle= verb).
      1. noun to verb (e.g., access - to access
      2. verb to noun (e.g., guess - a guess).
      3. Phrasal verb to noun(e.g., take over - a take over)
      4. Adj. to verb (e.g. clean - to clean).
    5. Acronyms: A word formen from the initial letters of a set of the other words. (e.g., ONU, OTAN FMI).
  6. Additional formations
    1. Coinage: in the invention of a new words. (e.g., aspirin, zipper).
    2. Borrowing: it is a word or a phrase adopted from a language into another. (e.g., cultura - culture).
    3. Inflection: are modifier words in order to to mark grammatical subclasses, does not create a new words.
      1. single - plural
      2. normal verb - third person
      3. present - pass
      4. normal verb - gerund
      5. comparative ( er)
      6. superlative (est)
Productivity feature
Lexical part - word formation

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