Theories of Development

Anmerkungen:

• Interrelated Domains: 1.Physical- 2.Cognitive 3.Socioemotional Subsume topics: Nature vs. Nurture

1. Classical Conditioning Theory
   1. Pavlov

      Anmerkungen:

      • Experimental Study of Salivation. Dog training with bell and food. Reflex Study in correspondence with humans teaching.
   2. John B. Watson

      Anmerkungen:

      • Theory based on our fears and Emotional response. Believed Parental influence on infantry. Experiment with child and favored rat
      1. Behavioral Learning Theory/ Behaviorism
         1. Thorndike
            1. Law of Effect

               Anmerkungen:

               • Actions will be repeated if the outcome is a good effect
         2. B.F. Skinner

            Anmerkungen:

            • Expanded Thorndike ideas with reinforcements.
            1. Positive and Negative Reinforcement

               Anmerkungen:

               • Positive action and negative action will correspond and effect resulted outcome actions
2. Psychodynamic Theory
   1. Sigmund Freud
      1. Theory of Mind

         Anmerkungen:

         • Consciousness is the tip of our mental capacity and seeps into our unconscious; unobtainable or excepted in realty/society.
      2. Theory of Self

         Anmerkungen:

         • 3 Main Self Principles: 1. ID- Pleasure Principle 2. Ego- Reality Principle/ Defense Mechanism   3. Super Ego- Rules, Standards & Values of Society
      3. Psychosexual Stages

         Anmerkungen:

         • 1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Genital Stage
   2. Erikson
      1. Psychosocial Theory

         Anmerkungen:

         • The Ego Rules 1-8 Psychosocial Stages: 1. Trust v. Mistrust (0-1 yr) 2. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt (1-2 yrs) 3. Initiative v. Guilt (3-5 yrs) 4. Industry v. Inferiority (6-11 yrs) 5. Identity v. Role Confusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy v. Isolation (Young Adulthood) 7. Generativity v. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood) 8. Integrity v. Despair (Late Adulthood)
3. Social Learning Theory
   1. Albert Bandura
      1. Parents socialize kids or Kids Socialize Parents

         Anmerkungen:

         • Reciprocal Determinism. Experiment with Kids Influence.  Visualization of effect and re-enactment of commercials seen.
4. Cognitive Theory
   1. Lev Vygotsky

      Anmerkungen:

      • Differs from Piaget ideaology. Believes  human are born with set abilities and potential to expand to more abilities through guidance.
      1. Sociocultural Theory

         Anmerkungen:

         • Influence of culture and environmental on cognitive abilities and unlocking potential abilities.
   2. Piaget

      Anmerkungen:

      • Child's ability to think and reason. Child intellectual change over time due to maturity and not training. Different ages bring different intellectual levels
      1. Cognitive Equilibrium

         Anmerkungen:

         • 1. Schema 2. Assimilation  3. Accommodation 
         1. 4 Stages of Cognitive Development

            Anmerkungen:

            • 1. Sensorimotor intelligence  2. Preoperational Stage 3. Concrete Operational Stage 4. Formal operational Stage
5. Stages of Development

   Anmerkungen:

   • 1. Prenatal Development 2. Infant and Toddlerhood 3. Early Childhood 4. Middle Childhood 5. Adolescence 6. Early Adulthood 7. Middle Adulthood 8. Late Adulthood 9. Dying and Death