Identity (how you are shown in society and seen by others)

gender
1. a social construct, created to set lables, norms and values to a person because of their biological sex.
  1. men need to be manly , the bread winner, and the protector
  2. women are made to be kind caring and maternal because they are needed to be mothers.
  3. these norms and values have been labelled 'gender roles' and the definition of gender roles has changed over time
2. feminists
  1. feminininty was linked to the role of the house wife.
3. women reproduce, maintan and support capitalism.
  1. by having children, by providing them children with the norms and values of capitalism
4. marxism
  1. popular and mass culture distract society from gender inequality
  2. conflict theory; gender inequality is necessary
  3. society benifits those with power; in a patriarchal society, that would be males getting the benifits.
5. Functionalism
  1. society benefits everyone in different ways, no matter their gender
  2. gender roles are vital in society; they ensure that society id run smoothly and at its best.
6. post modernism
  1. norms and values in gender are always changing; equality is improving.
  2. gender diversity (the rise of transgender and non-binary identities) is becoming visible; altering modern days gender roles.
7. masculinity
  1. Aggressive masculinity
  2. hegemony massculinity
    1. middle class massculinity
8. labelling theory
  1. gender roles are to be followed
9. studies
  1. parsons
    1. *females have an 'expresive role' in family; natural but reinforced by socialisation
      1. Males have an 'instrumental role' in family ; natural but reinforced by socialisation
        These roles are considered funtional for society and family
  2. Mac An Ghail
    1. focuses on 'hyoer - masculinity' among males
      1. this includes policing their own and others sexualities
        nothing the insecurity of working-class men(labbled, the crisis of masculinity) aa theor identrity as breadwinner is lost
  3. Jackson
    1. women adopting 'laddishness' - a form of masculinity
    2. these women, labelled 'laddettes', performing risky acts such as smoking, drinking, swearing and being a disruptive person
    3. they fear they might be seen as uncool and ended up popular if they do not take part in such activities
sexuality
1. feminists
  1. point out how women are portraied through their sexuality, as sexual objects to fantasise about
  2. hetronormativity is still the norm
2. homosexuality
  1. becoming more accpeted now
    1. looking glass self
      1. many non hetrosexual individuals still think that how they would be percived by other is in a negative view.
      2. young individuals would examine how others uses their sexuality relevent labels such as 'gay' (if they identify as such) with that meaning
        if the meaning is negative, they wold think of that aspect of themselves negitivley
  2. used as a way to identify, represents a person
3. a lable given due to who, on a category of gender, one would find sexually or romantically attractive
4. marxism
  1. society is distracted by popular culture; distracts frm the issues with on- hetronormativity
  2. cconflic theory; hetronormativity versus diverse sexual orientations.
5. functionalism
  1. roles ensure society running smoothly; this can include the role of hetronormativity
  2. the tradition nuclear family (one mother, one father) is believe to be the best type of family
6. post modernism
  1. sexual diversity establishing among society
  2. hetronormativity is breaking down; more rights to no-heterosexual individuals
  3. media stars normalising homosexual relationships
7. labelling theory
  1. due to hetronormativity, people who are 'out' as non homosexual are given a label of being 'gay' or 'homo'
    1. this can been seen as a negative label and can become their master status, they would only be recognised by their sexuality.
8. impresion management
  1. many homosexual individuals would either conform to their social stereo types or hide them if they were to relate to such
    1. if they are not 'out' they would create a fake persona in society ( their front religion) and only acknowledge them true self in private (their back religion)
9. STUDIES
  1. weeks
    1. sexual identification is a strange thing
      1. sexuality is more complex than other aspects of identity
    2. people may or may not participate in sexual activity with those they are sexually attrcted to
  2. Rich
    1. womens sexuality is oppressed by the patriarchy
    2. This is by objectification and sexual violence/rape
    3. women took part in 'compolsary hetrosexuality' ; they are socialised into hetro sexual role for men
    4. lesbian identity is erased; it is seen as a threat to males
  3. Mcintosh
    1. claiming that homosexual men fill a 'homosexual role' in western cultures
      1. homosexual males are given certain stereotypes on their characteristics ( higher pitched voice, increase in vanity,ect)
        males who were openly homosexual were shown to have few or all characteristics stereotyped
age
1. can give status and power
2. given titles
  1. childhood
    1. constructed as a period of innocence
  2. youth
    1. 12-15, transition from childhood to adult hood, some cultures do not recognise this transition.
  3. adulthood
    1. characterised with carrer and family
    2. independance
  4. old age
    1. aging bodies are represented as ugly in the uk, giving elderly people this idea of ugly to identify with.
class
1. measured through income, possesion, house, lifestyle, holidays, television, dress, accent, norms and values and occupation
  1. effect how people see them self and how others see them as it gives a sense of power or status
  2. can now be defined by what we buy not what we do
  3. children would live under their parents class untill they started to earn a living themselves
2. marxism
  1. conflict between social classes caused by power
  2. society benefits rich and powerfull; this would mean the upper class
3. generates expectations of behaviour
4. a social system, used used more decades ago that seperated people due to the different class levels
ethnicity
1. national identity
  1. expressed through supporting your national team, taking pride during the national anthem or carring your national flag.
2. hybrid identity
  1. someone's sense of who they are.
  2. a mixture of two or more influences
    1. eg. an individual may have an identity as British but also Muslim. their identity is a hybrid of both British and Asian ethnicity.
3. made up of religion, language, where we live, ethnic origin, skin colour and so on.
culture is a way of life, it is looked at because it is an individual experiance.

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Identity (how you are shown in society and seen by others)

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