Identity

Identity

Class
1. Groups who share a simular economic and social situation
  1. Theories
    1. Feminism
      1. Women work unpaid labour such as cleaning the household
      2. Women earn less and gain less power than men
    2. Marxism
      1. Popular culture distract lower class from the class inequality
      2. Conflict cause by different classes caused by power
    3. Functionalism
      1. Society benefits everyone of all classes
      2. The class system is needed to keep society stable
    4. Post modernism
      1. modern life does not focus on class status
      2. As diversity increases in wealth and money class statues is dismissed
2. Upper class
  1. Inherited wealth often in form of land
3. Middle class
  1. Majority of population
    1. Professional or managerial roles
4. Working class
  1. Used to be majority of population
  2. Manual workers and those with trade
5. Underclass
  1. Lack of opportunity and education
  2. Seen as negative
    1. Those who rely on benefits and are to blame for their own situatioin due to the choices they have made
Age
1. Old age
  1. Ageing bodies represent ugliness and degereration. Older people have been socialised into thinking this about themsaelves
2. Young Adulthood And Middle Age
  1. Charactirised by career and family
  2. Associated with negative terms such as 'mid life crisis'
3. Youth
  1. 12-25
  2. Time of rebellion 'storm and stress'
4. Childhood
  1. In some countries children are not seen as innocent. eg. young marriage
  2. Media: children are either portrayed as little angels or deliquent
    1. Media has brought a decline in childhood
5. The world is run by adults. It is young and old people who are are most negatively affected by their age
6. Theories
  1. Feminism
    1. Women are judged by their age
      1. Society favours young women
  2. Marxism
    1. Adults have most power, children are negatively treated in society
    2. Ageist conflict is necessary
  3. Functionalism
    1. Children and adults shall remain with different treatment to benefit society
    2. Age has no matter on social benefits
  4. Post modernism
    1. Younger people are taking over
      1. Technology is advancing by young people
        Children are being taken more seriously
Sexuality
1. Homosexuality was considered a mental illness. Now it is more accepted. But in some countries eg. Nigeria and uganda, homosexuality is illegal
2. Rich (1980) argues that womens sexuality is opressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of woemn
3. 'Compulsory Heterosexuality'- the way women are socialised into a subordinate and hetrosexual role, ensuring their availability to men
4. Theories
  1. Feminism
    1. Women are portrayed through their sexuality eg. in the media
  2. Marxism
    1. Society is distracted by popular culture: distracts from issues with non-heterosexual individuals
  3. Functionalism
    1. Believe the nuclear (tradition family type) is the best for our society
  4. Post modernism
    1. Media is normalising homosexual relationships
Ethnicity
1. 'Race' is socially constructed
  1. Religion you recruit, ethnicity you cannot
2. Ethnicity is a combination of environments
3. 'Race; is a term used to intellectually justify racism. This term is still used in the law-race legislations protect jews and sikhs
4. Hybrid
  1. Mixture of 2 or more influences
  2. A persons indetity may be british but also a muslim
    1. Common for 2nd and 3rd generation immigrants
  3. Post modern: hybrid identities are becoming more common
  4. Feminism: this can include hybrid gender identities-people that have male and female aspects
5. National Identity
  1. Socially constructed through symbols such as flags, athems, holidays and festivals
  2. Feminism: this can include hybrid gender identities-people can have male and female aspects
6. Theories
  1. Feminism
    1. Ethnicity should not divide females
  2. Marxism
    1. The ideal ethnicity (white for western countries) will gain more power andbenefit more in that society
  3. Functionalism
    1. Society benefits all ethnicities
    2. Some ethnicities should remain on uneven ground to keep society stable
  4. Post Modernism
    1. Equality is slowly improving
    2. There are international movements for ethnic equality in western countries eg.black lives matter
Gender
1. Methods
  1. Education
    1. Teachers expect boys to misbehave more
    2. Secondary Socialisation
    3. Uses normality and devience to reinforce GRS. eg. separate cganging rooms
    4. Subject choices
      1. Boys: science, maths, (report talk) grils: humanities subjects (repport talk)
  2. Media
    1. Normalises GRS through images
    2. Secondary Socialisation
    3. Disney: women are weak and in need of a male hero
  3. Employment
    1. Secondaary Socialisation
    2. Glass ceiling
      1. Invisiable discrimination-stops women from reaching top jobs
    3. Glass cliff
      1. Women are premoted into insecure and precurious management positions
    4. Equal pay: 2015: 24.6%
  4. Family
    1. Primary Socialisation
2. Theories
  1. Feminism
    1. Family
      1. Ann Oakley (1974)
        1. Manipulation-discourage behaviour not considered to norm for that gender
        2. Caniliasation-through toys, games and activities
        3. Verbal Application-nicknames-girl-angel boy: solider
        4. Different Activities-home-boys: wash the car girl: cook
  2. Marxism
    1. GRS is bad as it teaches people to work for capitalism
    2. Feminity teaches women to work for free in housewifr role
    3. GRS creates inequality and reproduces children to work for capitalism
  3. Functionalism
    1. GRS is good as it gets mena nd women to behave in the same way which stops individualism
    2. Society is more important than the individual
3. 'asprcts of masculinie and femine that are biological and not cultural

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