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Chapter 3: Genetics and Heredity,
Principles of Hereditary Transmission
- Genotype: Total endowment inherited by an individual
- Phenotype: Set of traits a person actually
displays, resulting from a combination of the
person’s genotype (potential) and life
experiences that modify that potentia
- A person's characteristics are created
by their genotype and their individual
experiences
- Phenotype: Set of traits a person actually
displays, resulting from a combination of the
person’s genotype (potential) and life
experiences that modify that potentia
- Gregor Mendel
- Hereditary characteristics
are determined by pairs of
particles called factors
- Factors later was termed genes
- Genes: the specialized sequences of molecules that form the genotype
- Genes are made up of nucleotides
- Nucleotides: Repeating basic building block of
DNA consisting of nitrogen-based molecules of
adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
- The nucleotides pair together to create DNA
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid: Blueprint for genetic inheritance
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid: Blueprint for genetic inheritance
- The nucleotides pair together to create DNA
- Nucleotides: Repeating basic building block of
DNA consisting of nitrogen-based molecules of
adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
- Genes are made up of nucleotides
- Information provided by genes are not always the same
- Alleles: Alternate form of a specific gene, provides a genetic basis for
many individual differences
- Alleles: Alternate form of a specific gene, provides a genetic basis for
many individual differences
- Genes: the specialized sequences of molecules that form the genotype
- Factors later was termed genes
- Genes are transmitted from parents to
children by gametes or sex cells
- Gametes: Sperm cell in males,
egg cell in females
- Gametes: Sperm cell in males,
egg cell in females
- Chromosomes were discovered around the same
time Mendel research was published
- Chromosomes: Threadlike structure of DNA,
located in the nucleus of cells, which forms a
collection of genes
- A karyotype: the pictorial representation of an individual's chromosomes
- Looking at a karyotype one can see the autosomes
and the X & Y chromosomes (sex cells)
- Autosomes: One of
twenty-two pairs of
homologous chromosomes
- X chromosomes: Larger of the two chromosomes, normally
females have two and males only one
- Y chromosomes: Smaller of the two chromosomes,
males have one and females have none
- Autosomes: One of
twenty-two pairs of
homologous chromosomes
- Looking at a karyotype one can see the autosomes
and the X & Y chromosomes (sex cells)
- A karyotype: the pictorial representation of an individual's chromosomes
- Watson and Crick
proposed the way
genes duplicate
and documented
the 46
chromosomes in
the human body
which led to the
mapping of human
genome
- Human genome: Entire inventory of
nucleotide base pairs that compose the
genes and chromosomes of humans
- Human genome: Entire inventory of
nucleotide base pairs that compose the
genes and chromosomes of humans
- Chromosomes: Threadlike structure of DNA,
located in the nucleus of cells, which forms a
collection of genes
- Hereditary characteristics
are determined by pairs of
particles called factors
- Cell division and Chromosome Duplication
- We were created by the uniting of the sperm
cell (23 chromosomes) and the egg (23
chromosomes) to create the zygote
- Zygote: fertilized egg cell
- From then on the cells begin to
divide through mitosis and meiosis
- Mitosis: Process of cell
division that takes place in
most cells of the human
body and results in a full
complement of identical
material in the 46
chromosomes in each cell
- Meiosis: Process
of cell division
that forms the
gametes;
normally results
in 23
chromosomes in
each human egg
and sperm cell
rather than the
full complement
of 46
- Mitosis: Process of cell
division that takes place in
most cells of the human
body and results in a full
complement of identical
material in the 46
chromosomes in each cell
- Zygote: fertilized egg cell
- We were created by the uniting of the sperm
cell (23 chromosomes) and the egg (23
chromosomes) to create the zygote
- Gene Expression
- If both parents give the child the same
gene its homozygous but if both are
different then they are heterozygous or
both could be observed leading it to be
codominance
- Homozygous: Genotype in which two alleles of a gene are
identical, have the same effect of a trait
- Heterozygous: Genotype in which two
alleles of a gene are different
- Codominance: Condition in which individual,
unblended characteristics of two alleles are
reflected in the phenotype.
- Some genes can affect
others leading it to be
different than detected
- Polygenic: Phenotypic characteristic influenced by two
or more genes
- Polygenic: Phenotypic characteristic influenced by two
or more genes
- Homozygous: Genotype in which two alleles of a gene are
identical, have the same effect of a trait
- Genomic imprinting:Instances of genetic transmission
in which the expression of a gene is determined by
whether the particular allelic form has been inherited
from the mother or the father
- If both parents give the child the same
gene its homozygous but if both are
different then they are heterozygous or
both could be observed leading it to be
codominance
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