Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Identity
- Gender
- Social construct
created to set
labels, norms and
values of a person
depending on their
biological sex.
- These are labeled
gender roles and
the definition of
gender roles have
been changing
over time.
- Views
- Radical Feminism
- Gender equality does
not exist as society is
patriarcal
- Secondary socialisation
can be harmful to women
as it can cause body image
issues
- Marxism
- Popular and mass
culture are used to
distract society from
social inequality
- Conflict theory: gender
inequality is necorssary
- Society benefits those in power
- In a patriarchal
society that would
be males getting the
benefits
- Gender supports capitalism;
women reproduce (by having
kids) maintain (by proving their
kids with the norms and values
of capitalism) and support
capitalism
- Functionalism
- Society beneifits everyone in
different ways, no matter their
gender.
- Gender roles are vital in
society as it helps it run
smoothly.
- Gender roles give us a
collective
consciousness - social
guidence
- Post Modernism
- Norms and values are
always changing which
means that equality in
improving
- Gender diversity is
becoming visible; altering
modern day gender roles
- Social variables
replaced by
consumption
- Studies
- Parsons (1995)
- Females have an
expressive role,
natural but
reinforsed by
socailisation
- Males have an
instrumental role ,
natural but
reinforced by
socialisation
- Mac An Ghaill (1994)
- Focus' on huper
masculinity amoung
males
- This included policing
their own and others
sexualities
- Noting the inserurity
amoung working class men
(labelled the crisis of
masculinity) as their identity
as breadwinner is lost.
- Jackson (2006)
- Women adopting
'laddishness' - a form of
masculinity
- These women, labelled
'laddetts' perform risky
acts such as smoking,
drinking, swearing and
being a disruptive person.
- They fear they may be
seen as uncool or loose
popularity if they do not
take part in these acts
- Interactionism
- Labelling theory
- Rejecting GR can
allow negative
labelling for both
males and females
- Impression Management
- People are convinced
they must put on a
persona to be
accepted into society
- Looking Glass Self
- Women are persuaded
by agencies of
socialisation that they
must appeal in a certain
way
- They judge by how
others perceive them;
they change aspects
of themselves in
order to 'fit in'
- Social identity
means how your
identity is shown
in society and seen
by others
- This can be created
from various factors in
someone's life such as
gender, sexuality, class,
ethnicity, nationality,
age and hybrid identities
- Sexuality
- a label given due to
who, on a category
of gender, one
would find sexually
or romantically
attractive
- The norm in society
would be heterosexual
but recently society
has become more
accepting of
homosexuality and
bisexuality
- Theory
- Radical Feminists
- Hetronormativity is
still the "norm"
- Women are
sexualised for
men in the
media
- Pornography and
prostitution linked to
domestic violence and
rape as women are seen
as objects
- Marxism
- Heterosexuality is
the norm because it
serves society
(reproduction)
- Society is distracted, by
popular culture, from
issues with
non-heterosexual
individuals
- Functionalism
- GR ensure society
runs smoothly; this
can include the role of
heteronormativity
- Therefore the traditional
nuclear family works best
for society
- Post modernism
- Heteronormativity
is breaking down;
more rights to non
heterosexual people
- Media starts normalising
homosexual relationships
- Interactionism
- Labelling theory
- Due to heteronormativity
people who are out are given a
label of their sexuality which
can be seen as a negative label
- They would only be
recognised as their
sexuality
- Impression management
- Many homosexuals would
either conform to their social
stereotypes or hide them if
they can relate to such
- If they are not 'out' they
would create a false
persona in society and
only acknowledge their
true selves in private
- Looking Glass Self
- Non-heterosexuality is
becoming more acceptable in
western cultures however
many non-heterosexual
individuals still worry about
how they would be perceived
- Young individuals would
see how others use the
term 'gay' and view
themselves (if they identify
as such) with that meaning
- If the meaning was
negative they would
think of that aspect of
themselves negativly
- Studies
- Weeks (1991)
- "Sexual identification
is a strange thing"
- Sexuality is more
complex than other
aspects of an identity
- People may or may not
participate in sexual activity
with those that they are
sexually attracted to
- Rich (1980)
- (Radical
feminist)
- Women's
sexuality is
oppressed by
the patriarchy
- This is through
objectification and
sexual
violence/rape
- Women took part in
'compulsory
heterosexuality; they
are socialised into a
heterosexual role for
men
- Lesbian identity
is erased as it
can only be a
threat or sexy to
males
- Mcintosh (1996)
- Claiming that
homosexual mean
fill a 'homosexual
role' in western
cultures
- Homosexual males
were given certain
stereotypes on their
characteristics (higher
pitched voice, increase
in vanity,- camp, etc)
- Males who where
openly homosexual
were shown to
have the
characteristics
stereotyped
- Class
- Class is a social system,
used more often
decades ago, that
seperated people due to
different class levels
- Their class was determined
by wealth and income, and
the occupation they held to
earn such.
- Children were classified under
their parents' classes until they
were earning a living themselves
- Views
- Feminism
- Gender
equality;
women
earn less
and gain
less power
than men