Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness

1. Stages of Sleep

   Anmerkungen:

   • Stages 1-4 are NREM stage 5 is REM
   1. Stage 1

      Anmerkungen:

      • Stage 1 is a brief transitional phase, Usually lasts 1-7 minutes.  Alpha and Theta waves observed by EEG
      1. Stage 2

         Anmerkungen:

         • Stage 2 lasts 10-25 minutes and is dominated by bursts of high frequency brain waves known as Sleep spindles. 
         1. Stage 3+4

            Anmerkungen:

            • Stages 3+4 are called slow-wave sleep during which high amplitude and low frequency delta waves dominate EEG recordings
            1. Stage 5 REM

               Anmerkungen:

               • Once the sleeper surpasses stage 4 and should return to stage 1 they transition into a stage 5: REM sleep.  It is characterized by deep sleep and Rapid Eye Movement.  
               1. Vivid Dreams

                  Anmerkungen:

                  • Vivid dreams and nightmares 
            2. Night Terrors

               Anmerkungen:

               • Abrupt awakenings from NREM accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic. 
            3. Sleepwalking/talking

               Anmerkungen:

               • Found in stage 3, see Somnambulism in Sleep disorders for more info. 
         2. Sleep Spindles

            Anmerkungen:

            • A sleep spindle is a burst of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep.
      2. Hypnotic Jerks

         Anmerkungen:

         • Feeling of actually falling
   2. Measured by EEG

      Anmerkungen:

      • An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that detects electrical activity in your brain using small, flat metal discs (electrodes) attached to your scalp.
2. Dreams
   1. Freud

      Anmerkungen:

      • Believe dreams are a form of wish fulfillment 
   2. Cartwright

      Anmerkungen:

      • Mental Housekeeping Theory: Believes dreams are a creative way of problem solving for the real world. 
   3. Hobson + Mccarley

      Anmerkungen:

      • Activation-Synthesis Model, proposes dreams are a side effect of the neural activation that produces waking-like brain waves during REM sleep. 
3. Sleep Disorders
   1. Narcolepsy

      Anmerkungen:

      • Falling asleep uncontrollably. 
   2. Insomnia

      Anmerkungen:

      • Difficulty falling and staying asleep. Caused by an array of symptoms: anxiety, tension, emotional problems, depression, stress, pressure, pain, ulcers, asthma, drugs (specifically stimulants).  Most common treatment are sedatives which come in two classes: benzodiazepene and nonbenzodiazepene. 
   3. Apnea

      Anmerkungen:

      • Snoring. 
   4. Somnambulism

      Anmerkungen:

      • Sleepwalking.
   5. RBD

      Anmerkungen:

      • REM sleep behavior disorder marked by troublesome dream enactments during REM periods.
4. Deprivation
   1. Sleep Restriction

      Anmerkungen:

      • Occurs when people make do with substantially less sleep than normal over a period of time. 
   2. Selective Deprevation

      Anmerkungen:

      • Deprived of REM sleep, can only last for 2-4 days completely deprived 

1. Narcotics

   Anmerkungen:

   • Drugs derived from opiates capable of relieving pain.    High physical dependence High Psychological dependence 
2. Sedatives

   Anmerkungen:

   • Sleep inducing drugs that tend to decrease Central Nervous System activation and behavioral activity. High Physical dependance High psychological dependence
3. Stimulants

   Anmerkungen:

   • Drugs that tend to increase Central Nervous System activation and behavioral activity.  Moderate Physical dependence High psychological dependence 
4. Hallucinogens

   Anmerkungen:

   • A diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.  No physical dependence  low psychological dependence 
5. Cannabis

   Anmerkungen:

   • A hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived. No physical dependence  low to moderate psychological dependence.  
6. Alcohol

   Anmerkungen:

   • a variety beverage containing ethyl alcohol.  Moderate Physical dependence  moderate psychological dependence
7. MDMA

   Anmerkungen:

   • A compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline.  Similair physical and psychological dependences to hallucinogens. 
8. Tolerance Vs Dependence

   Anmerkungen:

   • Tolerance is the ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with. Dependence is the addiction to a drug. 
   1. Physical

      Anmerkungen:

      • When a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal.
   2. Psychological

      Anmerkungen:

      • When a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional cravings. 

Anmerkungen:

• Systematic procedure that increases suggestibility. 

1. Susceptibility.

   Anmerkungen:

   • Hypnotic susceptibility measures how easily a person can be hypnotized. varies between individuals. Linked to higher levels of absorbtion in tasks. 
   1. Stanford Hypnotic susceptibility scale

      Anmerkungen:

      • A scale developed to measure the susceptibility of an individual to hypnotism.  
2. Effects
   1. Anesthesia

      Anmerkungen:

      • Anesthesia is a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using medicine called anesthetics. It can help control your breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate and rhythm.
   2. Dis-inhibition

      Anmerkungen:

      • Dis-inhibition is a lack of restraint manifested in disregard for social conventions, impulsivity, and poor risk assessment.
   3. Hallucinations

      Anmerkungen:

      • An experience involving the apparent perception of something not present.
   4. Post-hypnotic suggestion

      Anmerkungen:

      • A suggestion made to a hypnotized person that specifies an action to be performed after awakening, often in response to a cue.
   5. Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

      Anmerkungen:

      • Post-hypnotic amnesia is the inability in hypnotic subjects to recall events that took place while under hypnosis.
3. Theories
   1. Social Cognitive Theory

      Anmerkungen:

      • Social cognitive theory (SCT) holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. 
   2. Hypnotic Trance vs Role Playing

      Anmerkungen:

      • One theory is that hypnosis puts subjects into a deep trance, however due to EEG activity there is no evidence of these claims which has led many to believe that hypnosis is just elaborate role playing.
   3. Dissociation

      Anmerkungen:

      • A splitting of the mental processes into two streams of consciousness. 

Anmerkungen:

• Practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.  

1. Benefits
   1. Decreased heart respiration rate
   2. lower blood pressure
   3. Managing stress
   4. Cardio-vascular benefits
   5. Grey Matter Increase
   6. Mindfulness Mediation
   7. Immune system boost
2. Origins

   Anmerkungen:

   • An ancient discipline originally rooted in yoga, zen, and transcendental meditation.