CASE STUDIES VOLCANOES LDC/MEDC

MT PINATUBO- LEDC PHILIPPINES 1991
1. WHERE?
  1. SOUTH EAST ASIA, PHILIPPINES, IN LUZON. NEAR THE CITY OF ANGELES
2. PLATE SETTING?
  1. CONTINENTAL EURASIAN AND OCEANIC PHILIPPINES PLATE
  2. CONTINENTAL EURASIAN AND OCEANIC PHILIPPINES PLATE
  3. THE LATTER IS SUBDUCTED DUE TO BEING MORE DENSE
    1. AS IT SUBDUCTS IT MELTS TO FORM MAGMA AND ERUPTS AS LAVA TO FORM VOLCANOES
3. WAS IT A HAZARD?
  1. BEFORE THE ERUPTION OF 1991 IT HADNT ERUPTED SINCE 1380, SO WS NO LONGER CONSIDERED AS A HAZARD
  2. PEOPLE FARMED ON THE LAND AS IT WAS FERTILE VOLCANIC SOIL
4. EFFECTS
  1. ENVIRONMENTAL
    1. VOLCANIC ASH SMOTHERED BUILDINGS AND FIELDS
    2. ASH CAUSED GLOBAL COOLING OF 0.5 DEGREES
  2. ECONOMIC
    1. BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGE COST AROUND 3.8 BILLION PESOS
    2. 1991 GLOBAL HARVEST DESTROYED
    3. 650000 JOBS LOST
    4. $700 MILLION IN DAMAGE TOTAL
  3. SOCIAL
    1. 847 PEOPLE DIED
    2. OVER 8000 HOMES DESTROYED
      1. 73000 DAMAGED
    3. 1.2 MILLION PEOPLE LOST THEIR HOMES
    4. DISEASES SUCH AS MALARIA KILLED 600 PEOPLE
    5. PLANTING MADE IMPOSSIBLE IN 1992 DUE TO ASH
MT ETNA, ISLAND OF SICILY, ITALY
1. LOCATION
  1. MORE THAN 25% OF THE POP OF SILICY LIVE ON THE FLANKS OF ETNA
  2. ITALY IS A MEDC AND HAD A GDP PER CAPITA OF OVER $20000 IN 1991
  3. HAS TWO MAIN SETTLEMENTS: CATANIA AND ZAFFERANA
  4. 3,323M ON THE ISLAND OF SICILY, ITALY
2. VOLCANISM
  1. NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD BY SCIENTISTS
  2. FROM THE SUBDUCTION OF THE AFRICAN BENEATH THE EURASIAN
  3. OTHER THEORIES: RIFTING AND EVEN A MANTLE PLUME
  4. BASALTIC LAVA
    1. TRAVEL OVER LONG DISTANCES
  5. SINCE 2001 ERUPTED EVERY YEAR SINCE
3. ETNA
  1. THREE CRATERS, FISSURES OPEN UP, HAS A 5-10KM CALDERA ON THE EAST SIDE CALLED VALLE DEL BOVE
  2. HAS SMALL PARASITIC CONES CALLLED HORNITOES ON THE OTHER SIDE
  3. DECADE COLCANO BY THE UN . DESERVES PARTICULAR STUDY BECAUSE OF A HISTORY OF DESTRUCTIVE E ERUPTIONS NEAR POPULATED AREAS
  4. COMPOSITE VOLCANO
  5. SINCE 2001 ERUPTED EVERY YEAR SINCE
  6. ORIGINATES FROM AN UNDERWATER VOLCANO
4. EFFECTS
  1. STARTED SHOWING SIGNS IN DEC 1991
    1. DEC 14TH 1991, LASTED FOR 473 DAYS
  2. WITH TWO WEEKS ZAFFERNA WAS THREATENED
  3. LAVA FLOWS REACHED TEMPERATURE OF 1000 DEGREES
  4. VINEYARDS AND CHESTNUT ORCHARDS DESTROYED AND A FEW SMALLER BUILDINGS
  5. DESTROYED SPRINGS, WHICH PROVIDED WATER SUPPLY TO ZAFFERNA, POP 8000
  6. 7 PEOPLE LOST HOMES AND FARMLAND
  7. NO ONE WAS KILLED OR INJURED
  8. ECONOMIC COST ROSE TO $8 MILLION
5. MANAGEMENT
  1. BUILT A LARGE BARRIER AT THE END OF VALLE DEL BOVE, 70N HIGHAND MORE THAN 400M LONG
    1. HELD BACK THE LAVA FOR 7 MONTHS
  2. THREE ADDITIONAL SMALLER EARTHERN BARRIERS, LENGTH 90-160M HEIGHT 6-12M BUILT IN APRIL
  3. JAN 1992 EARTH BARRIER 234M LONG 21M HIGH
    1. HELDBACK LAVA FOR A MONTH, OVERFLOWED ON 9TH APRIL 1992
  4. US AIRFORCE DROPPED CONCRETE BLOCKS AROUND THE MAIN SOURCE . THIS FAILED
  5. ITALIAN NAVY BLASTED OPENINGS IN THE LAVA TUBES, TO ENCOURAGE NEW DIRECTION OF FLOW. MAY 1992
    1. A DIVERSION CHANNEL WAS DUG AND EXPLOSIVES WERE USED TO DIVERT THE LAVA ONTO A ADJACENT FLANK
    2. SUCCESSFUL! USING 7000 KG OF EXPLOSIVES, 2/3 OF THE LAVA MOVED INTO THE ARTIFICAL CHANNEL
    3. STOPPED 850M FROM ZAFFERANA
    4. FAVOURABLE FACTORS: LOW EFFUSION RATES, HIGH ELEVATION OF THE ERUPTIVE VENTS
RESPONSES
1. SECONDARY
  1. HEALTH AND PSYCHO SERVICES HAD TO BE EXTENDED TO VICTIMS BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE EVACUATION CENTERS
  2. CAREFUL PHYSICAL LAND USE RE-PLANNING OF THE REGION
  3. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS SUCH AS WH, UNDP, UNICEF ALSO EXTENDED HUMANITARIAN RELIEF
  4. HOST OF COUNTRIES EXTENDED HUMANITARIAN RELIEF ASSISTANCE TO THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AS IT SUPPORTS NGO'S
2. PRIMARY
  1. NATURAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL MOBILISED CIVILAN AND MILITARY RESOURCES TO RESPOND TO THE EVACUATION, RESCUE AND RELIEF REQUIREMENTS
  2. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES MOBILISED THEIR RESPECTIVE FACILITIES AND PERSONNEL TO PROVIDE THE NECESSARY BASIC SERVICES
    1. IN EVACUATION AREAS
  3. DEPARTMENT F SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT WAS IN THE FOREFRONT OF PROVIDING EMERGENCY RELIEF ASSISTANCE
  4. 75000 WERE EVACUATED UP TO A RADIUS OF 30KM
    1. WITH AIR FORCE HELICOPTERS DUE TO ACCURATE PREDICTION FROM THE USGS
      1. CLARKE AIR BASE
      2. SUBIC BAY NAVEL STATION

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CASE STUDIES VOLCANOES LDC/MEDC

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