Political Psych

1. Internal Influences of Behavior

   Anmerkungen:

   • Motives Emotions Cognition - cognitive complexity Values and Identity Attitudes Personality
2. External Influences of Behavior

   Anmerkungen:

   • Group membership Economics Media
3. Interactionist Perspective

   Anmerkungen:

   • Behavior is a function of the person and the environment Political science, psychology, history, communications, sociology, and arheology

Anmerkungen:

• stable over time; helps to account for some regularity of behavior

1. Psychoanalytic

   Anmerkungen:

   • Freud: Id, ego and superego Unconscious Role of drives: sex and aggression and pleasure principle Use defense mechanisms of denial, repression, projection and rationalization
   1. Psychobiography

      Anmerkungen:

      • In depth case study of a political leader, tracing their personal, social and political development from early on may seek to identify patterns of behavior explained by psychoanalytic theory can focus on pathology: neuroticism, narcissism, and paranoia
2. Trait

   Anmerkungen:

   • Characteristics of the individual remain stable across the lifespan
   1. Allport

      Anmerkungen:

      • Cardinal, central and secondary traits
   2. Eyesnck

      Anmerkungen:

      • Factor analysis: OCEAN
3. Motives

   Anmerkungen:

   • Look at goals Need for affiliation, power and achievement Measured at a distance using speeches and letters unreliable
4. Authoritarianism

   Anmerkungen:

   • Adorno, 1950 Strict Sets boundaries May never develop ego, or just week
   1. Right Wing Authoritarianism

      Anmerkungen:

      • Altmeyer, 1996 Product of Social Learning Lacks critical thinking Lacks ego Ignores contradictions Sees world as dangerous
5. Barber's Typology

   Anmerkungen:

   • Looks at satisfaction with job (-/+) or energy put into job (active or passive)

Anmerkungen:

• Elements: personality, charisma, emotion, cognitive style, interactions, leadership style

1. Westen

   Anmerkungen:

   • Emotion has evolved because it works Cannot understand behavior without understanding brain Amygdala, prefrontal cortex
2. Management Styles
   1. Formalistic

      Anmerkungen:

      • set rules and boundaries
   2. Competitive

      Anmerkungen:

      • gather information through debate and direct contact
   3. Collegial

      Anmerkungen:

      • work on with others as resources; team effort
3. Leadership styles

   Anmerkungen:

   • Transformational vs transactional

1. Ways of processing information
   1. Attribution Theory

      Anmerkungen:

      • We come up with reasons for behaviors through heuristics Errors occur when individuals blame others instead of the situation
      1. Availability heuristic

         Anmerkungen:

         • first thing to come to mind- bad luck to fly on 9/11
      2. Representativeness heuristic

         Anmerkungen:

         • Fallback on group assumptions ie stereotypes
      3. Anchoring and Adjustment heuristic

         Anmerkungen:

         • we start with one idea then change our perceptions to yield a different result
   2. Consistency theories
      1. Balance
      2. Cognitive Dissonance
      3. Belief dilemmas

         Anmerkungen:

         • denial bolstering - use other cognitions to balance differentiation - break apart inconsistencies Transcendence - pair inconsistencies with a broad category
   3. Categorization

      Anmerkungen:

      • Cognitive misers Schemas Stereotypes Image theories
2. Social Identity
   1. Tajfel (1978)

      Anmerkungen:

      • we strive for + social identity to do this we do comparisons with out-groups members will leave group when it is not satisfactory
   2. Negative Social Identity

      Anmerkungen:

      • Handled through social mobility, social creativity, or social competition
      • Sometimes group will maintain the inferior position because they believe it is just. However this can change --> colonial domination
   3. A Purple America

      Anmerkungen:

      • More of a continuum than exclusive More representative of real world May reduce tendency to categorize on such simple level

1. Heuristics

   Anmerkungen:

   • Affect Referral - name recognition Endorsement - celebrity endorsement Familiarity - devil you know Habit heuristic - always voting for one party Viability heuristic - want to associate yourself with the winner
2. Other Voting Strategies

   Anmerkungen:

   • Compensatory strategy Noncompensatory strategy Confirmatory Decision Making Model Rational choice model Semiautomatic intuitive decision making model
3. Organizational Themes

   Anmerkungen:

   • Funnel of Causality Maximalist Knowledge structures
4. Persuasion Models

   Anmerkungen:

   • Yale Attitude Change Project Dual Routes Model
5. Emotional Constitution

   Anmerkungen:

   • Memorable Plot Vivid Things for and against Moral Stirring
   1. Agenda Setting

      Anmerkungen:

      • Media tells us what to pay attention to through framing and priming

1. Types

   Anmerkungen:

   • Common-bond Common-Identity Intimacy Task-oriented Social categories Weak social relationships
   1. Structure

      Anmerkungen:

      • Roles Norms Group cohesion
2. Formation

   Anmerkungen:

   • Functional Perspective Interpersonal Attraction Perspective
3. Development

   Anmerkungen:

   • Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning
   1. Group Cohesion

      Anmerkungen:

      • How the group develops affect how likely a person is to stay in the group: - Time spent together - Like other members - Rewarding - External threats - Leaders encourage warmth
4. Performing

   Anmerkungen:

   • Social facilitation, social loafing Team productivity
   1. Decision Making

      Anmerkungen:

      • Groupthink New Group Syndrome Bureaucratic Politics Manipulation Group polarization
      1. Improving Decision Making

         Anmerkungen:

         • Devil's advocate Multiple Advocacy
5. Conflict

   Anmerkungen:

   • Causes: attributional biases, faulty communication, face-saving Conflict escalation coalitions

Anmerkungen:

• Prejudice - attitudinal Stereotype - belief Discrimination - act

1. Terrorism

   Anmerkungen:

   • Crenshaw: act of violence small numbers intimidation = goal hurt, not destroy political & symbolic low power group
   • Rubenstein Threat or use of violence Action for political purpose Low power group vs high power Low power claims to represent the masses
   1. Why?
      1. Social Identity Theory
      2. Image Theory
      3. Realistic Conflict Theory
   2. Recruitment

      Anmerkungen:

      • Depluralization Deindividuation Moral disengagement
   3. Indoctrination

      Anmerkungen:

      • Isolation Propaganda Dehumanization & scapegoating Conformity
2. Explanations
   1. Realistic conflict theory
   2. Social Learning Theory
   3. Social Identity Theory
   4. Personality

      Anmerkungen:

      • Authoritarian Personality Social Dominance Theory - hierarchies maintaining status quo
3. Politics is Complicated Model

   Anmerkungen:

   • White Americans switch between systematic racism and individual factors
4. Symbolic Racism Model

   Anmerkungen:

   • Racism is now traditional individualistic American views

Anmerkungen:

• Sources of Conflict: Entitlement Past Achievement Perceived power Rules and norms Comparisons Formation of struggle groups Scarcity Distrust Absences of alternatives
• Sources of Stability: Broad normative goals Absence of envious comparisons Failure of struggle group formation Social mobility Blocking outside support

1. Resolution

   Anmerkungen:

   • Reconciliation and forgiveness
   1. Integration Strategies

      Anmerkungen:

      • Direct contact between P&O 1. Remove conflict 2. Mutual interdependence 3. Equal status 4. Positive contact within task 5. Informal contact outside of task 6. Social norms of equality
      1. Problem Solving

         Anmerkungen:

         • Compromise Agreement Integrates both P&O interests
   2. Third Parties
   3. Shared Sovereignty
   4. Utilitarian Integration Strategies
2. Strategic choice

   Anmerkungen:

   • Dual concern model: contentious behavior, avoiding, yielding, problem solving
3. Contentious tactics
   1. Light

      Anmerkungen:

      • Ingratiation Feather ruffling Persuasive arguments Shaming
   2. Heavy

      Anmerkungen:

      • Promises Threats Irrevocable commitments
   3. Escalation
4. Deterrence

   Anmerkungen:

   • Back and forth; possible stalemate