Human Wildlife conflict

Why?
1. Human population growth
2. Habitat loss, degredation, fragmentation
3. Ecotourism
  1. Increased access to reserves
4. Land use transformation
5. Increasing livestock
  1. Competitive exclusion of wild herbivores
6. Abundance and dist of wild prey
7. Conservation increasing wild animals numbers
8. Climatic factors
9. Stochastic events
Solutions
1. Mitigative
  1. Compensation schemes
    1. Kenya - none since 1989
    2. Problems
      1. Fraud
      2. lack of funds
      3. Relaxed guard
    3. Settlements of rights better Idea
  2. Insurence programs
  3. Incentives
  4. Community based natural resource schemes
  5. Regulated hunting - westerners
  6. Translocation of village
2. preventitive
  1. barriers
    1. Electric fences
    2. Fladry
  2. Guarding
  3. relocation of villiage/ or problem animals
    1. Uttor pradesh, India - relocation of problem rhesus monkey (Imam + Malik, 2002)
  4. waste management
  5. High cost husbandry
    1. Movement activated guard
    2. Electric training collars
3. ALL SHOULD INVOLVE THE LOCAL COMMUNITY
4. Reactive
  1. guarding
  2. disturbance
  3. lethal removal
  4. Capture translocation
Examples
1. Red Grouse and raptors in scotland
2. Wolves in Italy
  1. Abruzzo, Italy (Cozza et al 1996)
    1. Wolves cause 94% killings to livestock
3. Isreal - Golden Jackal (Yom-Tom, 1995)
4. Himachal Pradesh, India - religion and the snow lepard
5. Red Colobus monkey on Zanzibar (Siex et al, 1999)
6. Wolves and the use of Fladry barriers in USA
7. Elephants in Uganda
  1. 90% damage within 200m of forest edge
  2. approx 5% crop loss due to raiding
  3. Unfairly balmed - red tailed monkey cases the most damage
  4. <10% fams lose >50% crops
Costs
1. Economic
  1. loss of cattle
  2. damage to property
  3. Zoonoses
    1. Bovine TB + Badgers in England
2. Social
  1. missed school
  2. additional labour costs
  3. sleep loss
  4. movement restrictions
  5. risk of attack while protecting crops
3. Death
Recommendations
1. Education
  1. conservation
  2. Teach people to help themselves
2. research
  1. % animals killed
  2. farmers exageration
  3. Farmers are not vets

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Human Wildlife conflict

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