Schaffer's stages of attachment

Schaffer & Emerson
1. investigate the formation of early attachments
  1. method
    1. 60 babies - 31 male, 29 female
      1. from Glasgow, skilled working class families
        visited every month in the first year
        then again at 18 months
        mother questioned about: separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
  2. findings
    1. between 25 - 32 weeks
      1. 50% showed separation anxiety
        with one attachment figure
    2. 40 weeks
      1. 80% of babies had a specific attachment
      2. 30% showed multiple attachments
stages of attachment
1. Schaffer & Emerson
  1. stage 1
    1. asocial stage (first few weeks)
      1. babies how similar attachments to non/ human objects. but prefer human. happier in the presence of a human
  2. stage 2
    1. indiscriminate attachment (2-7 months)
      1. more observable social behaviour. preference to people over objects, recognise familiar adults. accept comfort from any adult do not show separation or stranger anxiety.
  3. stage 3
    1. specific attachment (7+ months)
      1. show stranger and separation anxiety. formed a specific attachment (primary attachment figure) who responds to the baby's signals
  4. stage 4
    1. multiple attachments (1 year +)
      1. form attachments with adults they see regularly - secondary attachments
evaluation - Schaffer & Emerson
1. good external validity +
  1. not a lab experiment
  2. all apart from stranger anxiety carried out by the parents
    1. no artificial behaviour
2. longitudinal design +
  1. same children followed up and observed regularly
    1. better internal validity
    2. no confounding variables - individual differences between participants
3. limited sample characteristics -
  1. all the families form the same district and social class
    1. over 50 years ago
  2. can't be generalised to today
evaluation - stages of attachment
1. the asocial stage
  1. hard to study
  2. asocial even though important interactions take place
  3. babies have poor coordination and are immobile
    1. not strong evidence
2. conflicting evidence on multiple attachments
  1. not clear when they are capable of having multiple attachments
  2. some say after forming a primary attachment other say before
3. measuring multiple attachment
  1. babies have playmates and attachment figures
    1. showing anxiety when someone leaves does not indicate an attachment
      1. so how do we really know if a baby has an attachment
evaluation +
1. Shaffer & Emerson used limited behavioural measures
  1. are separation and stranger anxiety too crude a measurement of attachment

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Schaffer's stages of attachment

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