Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Conducting Experiments
- Types of manipulations
- Straightforward manipulations
- Manipulating a variable
simply - by presenting
material to the participants
- Ex - memory research
- Staged manipulations
- Staging events during the experiment
- Used when trying to create a
psychological state or simulating
a real world situation
- Manipulation strength
- Making the independent variable
maximally different, while keeping
everything else the same
- Measuring the
dependant variable
- Self report measures
- Use to measure
explicit attitudes
- Behavioural measures
- Direct observation
of behaviours
- Physiological measures
- A recording of
response of the body
- Galvanic skin response (GSR)
- Measures emotional
arousal and anxiety
- Electromyogram (EMG)
- Measures muscle tension
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Measures heartbeat
regularity and rate
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- Measures electrical
activity of brain cells
- Sensitivity of the
dependent variable
- Must be able to detect resulting
difference between groups
- Ceiling effect
- Task is so easy that
everyone does well
- Floor effect
- Task is so hard that
no one does well
- Controlling for
participant expectation
- Demand characteristics
- Any feature that might inform
participants of the purpose of
the study
- Filler items
- Items on a questionnaire that
mislead participants about the
purpose of the study
- Placebo group
- If the placebo and the
experimental group equally
increase, it is a placebo effect
- Controlling for experimenter expectation
- Experimenter bias
- Aware of the expectations
of the study, expecting how
participants should perform
- Single blind procedure
- Participant is unaware
- Double blind procedure
- Participant and
experimenter are unaware
- Pilot study
- Trial run with a small sample
from the larger sample
- Manipulation checks
- Checks for construct validity
- Debriefing
- Discussing the ethical and
educational implications of the study