Tudors

Tudors

Life in 1485
1. Farming Industry
  1. Southern England, Midlands
  2. Hilly areas with pigs and sheep
  3. Woodland areas with grazing cattle
  4. Trees were used for timbre
  5. Lakes and rivers were used for fishing
  6. Arable farming- poor farmers use basic tools
  7. Land owners/ the rich, took the land. Fierce opposition deprived villages... ENCLOSURE
2. Cloth Industry
  1. 80% of British exports and was the main industry
  2. Produced the most wealth. It's high in demand
  3. Different types and sizes. It was made by hand- exports to Spain and Netherlands. Custom Duties (tariffs) on imports and exports
  4. Only a few people work full time. Production is scattered around Britain (best in West)
3. English Society
  1. King Monarchy- get land and took money. Coroners had little to no and because of this (ENCLOSURE)
  2. Cooks, cleaners. Peasants lived in shared huosing
  3. They believed what God said- "God is always right and the King is the King because God wanted him to be
4. Church
  1. Was very wealthy. 1/3 of land in England. The Pope in Rome was in charge
  2. 35,000 Clergy (10,000 Monks and Nuns)
  3. People believed in making the Pope look special
  4. The church was extremely special and was at the centre of the community
5. Criticisms of the Church
  1. Not educating people properly- complex Christian message and should be in English rather than Latin
  2. Priest isn't special. Many Priests are guilty of- Absenteeism, Pluralism, Immorality and Ignorance
Henry's Claim to the Throne
1. Henry VI ~ 1422-1461
  1. Defeated in Battle and overthrown by Edward, Earl of March, who took the throne
2. Edward IV ~ 1461-1470
  1. Overthrown by Warwick 'the Kingmaker' and forced into exile
3. Henry VI ~ 1470-1471
  1. Murdered after the defeat of his forces in the Battle of Tewkesbury. His son and heir, Edward the Prince of Wales, was also killed
4. Edward VI ~ 1471-1483
  1. Died suddenly and unexpectedly, leaving as his heir, a 13 year old
5. Edward V ~ 1483
  1. Disappeared in the Tower of London and probably murdered, along with his brother Richard, on the order of his Uncle and protector, Duke of Gloucester
6. Richard III ~ 1483-1485
  1. Defeated and killed at the Battle of Bosworth. Succeeded on the throne by his successful adversary, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond
Henry's establishment to power
1. Actions Taken
2. Problems facing Henry VII
  1. Noble's, whose wealth and territorial power, made them potential rivals to the crown
  2. The poor finances of the crown, which ad been depleted by wars at home and abroad
  3. The uneven control that the crown had over the Kingdom: stronger in the more populated areas of the South and East, but looser in the borderlands, especially with the lack of a developed system of local administration
3. Dealing with Nobility
4. Controlling the Country
  1. National Government
    1. Privy Council
      1. The council was the King's closest advisers. Although 227 men were listed as members of the council in fact, only a small group met often- men he trusted (like Richard Morton and Reginald Bray
    2. Privy Chamber
      1. Henry brought finances under even closer control- they were administrated by him and his household servants
    3. Parliment
      1. Parliament is called and dismissed on the King's command. Parliament only met 7 times under Henry VII to approve Acts of Attainder and Emergency Taxiation. The did not challenge him
Henry's Financial Policy
1. How Henry improved the Administrations of his Finances
2. Interpretations of Henry's Financial Policy
  1. Traditional View
    1. Francis Bacon in 1621 wrote that Henry was a miserly (tight) King, who greedily amassed a huge fortune of £1.8 million by the time he died
  2. Modern View
    1. Actually, Henry was prepared to spend money on entertainment, building etc. particularly when it enhanced his image. He did die leaving a surplus- £300,000 in plate and jewels, £10,000 in cash (NOT £1.8 MILLION)
  3. Contemporary View
    1. Nobles at the time, thought that the King was too greedy. Henry's policies were dangerous, as if his throne had come under serious threat, they may not have backed him. Henry VII had Empson and Dudley executed and this was very popular with the Nobles
Yorkist Threats
1. Lambert Simnel
2. Perkin Warbeck
3. Lovell's Rebellion
4. Edmund and Richard de la Pole
  1. Edmund and Richard de la Pole, were the younger brothers of the earl of Lincoln
  2. Edmund fled to England to the court in the Holy Roman Empire in 1501
  3. The Emperor (Maximillian) made Henry VII, in 1506, sign a treaty, of which one term meant that Henry locked up Edmund (so he was therefore given to Henry).. He was executed in 1513 and this left Richard, who was name the white Rose. He wasn't killed but died on his own in the Battle of Pavia, in 1525. Before his death, he lived in exile- abroad, out of Henry's control.
Foreign Policy
1. France and Brittany
2. France
  1. 1492- In response to French support for Perkin Warbeck, Henry VII invades France. Henry invades late in the season and so the French agree to a peace settlement. It is called the Treat of Etaples. The French agree to stop supporting Perkin Warbeck, and they pay Henry a pension to cover the coast of the invasion
3. Spain
4. Burgundy and the Holy Roman Empire
5. Scotland
6. Ireland
7. Trade
8. Dynasty
9. National Security
Religion
1. The Church's Social Role
  1. The communal aspects of late- medieval religion were emphasised by the investment which many lay people made in to their Parish Churches
  2. Benefactors would leave money for the foundation of chantries. Benefactors saw their donations as a way of benefitting the religious experience of themselves and their community. (This is important for understanding why the dissolution of the chantries by Henry VIII caused much distress)
  3. Another significant expression of communal religious influences was the confraternity (religious guild). These were groups of men (and sometimes women) who gathered together to provide collectively for the funeral costs of members, to pay chaplains for Masses for their members, to help maintain church fabric, to make charitable donations and to socialise.
  4. Many parishes in the South and the south midlands raised funds through church- ale festivals, which involved much drinking and a range of entertainments. Ale made and donated for the event was the chief drink.
2. Opposition
  1. A small minority was critical of the beliefs and practices of the Church. Lollards placed stress on the understanding of the Bible and therefore favoured its translation in to English.
  2. They were sceptical about transubstantiation and the principles of the Eucharist, and considered the Catholic church to be corrupt. They also denied the idea of the special status of the priesthood
3. Religious Community, Belief and Servinves

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