cultural variation in attachment

studies of cultural variations
1. Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg
  1. looked at proportions of the 3 types of attachments in different countries
    1. procedure
      1. meta analysed 32 studies of the strange situation
        8 countries
        15/32 in the USA
        1990 children
    2. findings
      1. secure was most common
      2. insecure resistant least common - mainly in collective
      3. insecure avoidant - mainly in individualistic
other places
1. Italy
  1. Simonella
    1. 76, 12 month olds
      1. 50% secure
      2. 36% insecure avoidant
      3. more mothers working longer hours
        cultural differences make a big difference
2. Korea
  1. Jin
    1. 87 children
      1. similar to Japan
        mainly secure
        or insecure resistant
3. conclusion
  1. secure is the norm
    1. supporting Bowlby that attachment is innate
  2. still differences depending where it is
evaluation
1. large samples
  1. combined results
    1. increases internal validity
      1. reduces anomalous results
2. unrepresentative to culture
  1. comparisons between countries not cultures
    1. within countries many different cultures
  2. e.g.
    1. urban Japan = similar to Western countries
    2. rural = more insecure resistant
3. method of assessment in biased
  1. imposed etic
    1. applying a foreign technique/ theory to another country
evaluation +
1. alternative explanation for cultural similarity
  1. Bowlby = attachment are innate (should be the same everywhere)
  2. Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg
    1. differences due to media
2. the strange situation lacks validity
  1. Kagan
    1. suggested = attachment is down to temperament
      1. is the strange situation simply measuring anxiety

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cultural variation in attachment

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