Week 1

Week 1

What are we made of?
1. Biomedical Sciences
  1. anatomy - body structure
  2. pharamcology - drugs and their actions
  3. physiology - body functions
  4. neuroscience - nervous system functions
  5. biochemistry - chemistry involved in life
  6. cell biolofy - how cells work
  7. microbiology - microbes and their effects and treatments
  8. nutrition - diet and health effects
  9. pathology - what happens in disease
  10. psychology/psychiatry - ab/normal mental function
2. Physists' Answer
  1. percent by mass of each element present in the body
3. Biochemists' Answer
  1. water - 60%
  2. fat - men, 13-17%; women, 20-21%
  3. proteins - 15%
  4. rock - 10%
  5. salts - 0.5%
4. Cell Biologists' Answer
  1. cell organelles
  2. membrane
  3. nucleus
5. A Set of Tissues
  1. epithelia
    1. cover surfaces
    2. form interfaces
    3. absorption and secretion
  2. muscle
    1. contractile
    2. movement
  3. connective
    1. package and divide
    2. support
    3. energy storage
    4. space filling
  4. neural
    1. excitable cells
    2. sensory and motor
    3. transmit signals
    4. process incoming information
6. Set of Regions
  1. head and neck
  2. thorax
  3. abdomen
  4. pelvis
  5. upper limb
  6. lower limb
7. Set of Systems
8. Body Fluid Compartments
  1. total mass - 70kg
  2. total body water - 42 L
    1. intracellular fluid - 28 L
    2. extracellular fluid - 14 L
      1. plasma - 3.5 L
      2. extravascular fluid - 10.5 L
  3. highest concentrations in fluids
    1. plasma - Na & Cl
    2. interstitial - Na & Cl
    3. intracellular - K & HPO4
Cell Biology
1. Membranes
  1. separate 2 areas that need different conditions
  2. phospholipid bilayer
  3. phospholipids
    1. polar head - charge effects whether it is hydrophobic or philic
    2. fatty acid tail(s)
    3. single tail - micelle
    4. 2 tails - bilayer
  4. triglycerides
    1. glycerol backbone
    2. 3 fatty acids
    3. fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
    4. unsaturated - bends in chain, fixed
    5. saturated - floppy and straight
  5. diglycerides
    1. 2 fatty acids
    2. third attachment is a phosphate attached to choline for example
  6. cholesterol
    1. stiffens backbone
    2. planar fixed
    3. changes membrane properties
  7. carbohydrates act as signals to passing molecules
2. Energy
  1. 3/4 of all energy used to pump K/Na in and out of cells
  2. active transport - pumps against concentration gradient
  3. cotransport
    1. a substance in pumped in or out and by doing so all moves another molecule in or out
  4. passive diffusion - doesn't require energy, goes down a cencentration gradient
  5. pumps are proteins
3. Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
  1. the arrival of eukaryotes
  2. evidence
    1. double membranes on mitochondria
    2. mitochondria division isn't controlled by the cell
    3. mitochondria have their own DNA
4. Nucleus
  1. DNA storage
  2. DNA synthesis
  3. transcription
  4. nuclear pores - allow molecules/DNA in and out
5. ER
  1. synthesis or the membrane
  2. synthesis of secretory proteins
6. Ribosomes
  1. protein synthesis
  2. attach to the ER via translocator complexes
7. Golgi Apparatus
  1. packaging of molecules
8. Protein Movement
  1. signals sticking into cytoplasm
  2. package into vesicles with targetting signals on
  3. send everywhere are retrieve from where it isn't used
  4. motor proteins on cytoskeleton
9. Cytoskeleton
  1. microfilaments - actin, cell periphery, microvilli
  2. microtubules - tubulin, structural support, vesicle transport, form cilia, subcellular organisation
  3. intermediate filaments - insoluble protein network, nuclei contain their own intermediate filaments (Lamins)
10. Proteasome
  1. protein binds with polyubiquitin chain
  2. protein then passes through preasome
  3. protein broken down
11. Lysosome
  1. breakdown of damaged organelles to be secreted
  2. breakdown of foreign material by phagocytosis
  3. autolysis to kill cell
Homeostasis
1. The Maintenance of Internal Environments Within the Body
2. Acts as a Buffer Against External Changes
3. The Brain
  1. somatic nervous system - conscious
  2. autonomic - unconscious
    1. symapthetic
      1. noradrenaline
    2. parasympathetic
      1. acetylcholine
    3. different receptors change what happens with a signal
4. Negative Feedback
  1. temperature control
  2. a sensor leads to a reversal of the change in parameter it sensed
  3. the set point is the point at which negative feedback trys to return the parameter to
  4. 2 effectors - one for too great and one for too low
5. Positive Feedback
  1. a sensor leads to an exaggeration of the paramenter it sensed
  2. blood clotting
  3. labour contractions
6. Local Autoregulation
  1. capillary blood flow
  2. sympathetic input causes dilation of smooth muscle
  3. capillaries only 2/3 open - 20% maximal blood flow
  4. factors that cause dilation
    1. hypoxia
    2. lactic acid
    3. nitric oxide
    4. potassium
  5. vasomotor tone
  6. implications of excerise
    1. vasodilation causes a drop in blood pressure
    2. locally produced acid enters the blood
    3. detected by baro- and chemo- receptors which signal the brainstem nuclei
    4. reflex changes in breathing and heart rate restore homeostasis
7. Hormones
  1. control long term homeostasis
  2. come in antagonistic pairs
Acid-Base Balance
1. Challenges
  1. Diet - proteins and fats broken down into acidic products
  2. Metabolism - in/complete carbohydrates, bicarb and lactic acid; incomplete fats, ketoacids
  3. pathology - vomiting,renal failure,retention of CO2 acidosis; diarrhoea, diabetes, loss of CO2 alkalosis
2. Responses to Challenges
  1. buffering - bicarbonate, protein and phosphate
  2. respiratory compensation - excess CO2 blown off
    1. peripheral
      1. detect CO2 and protons
    2. central
      1. detect CO2
    3. both drive an increase in rate and depth of breathing
  3. renal compensation - acid secretion, bicarb synthesis and phosphate homeostasis
    1. secretion of protons or bicarb into the urine
    2. retention of bicarb
    3. creation of bicarb
    4. excretion of ammonia
    5. regulation of buffers
  4. buffering hides the problem
3. Disturbances
  1. acidosis
    1. respiratory - CO2 retention, impaired ventilation
    2. metabolic - creation or ingestion of acids, renal failure, diarrhoea
  2. alkalosis
    1. respiratory - CO2 deficit, hyperventilation
    2. metabolic - loss of acid, ingestion of antacids

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