ESL Approaches and Methods

Grammatical
1. Grammatical approach is a teacher-centered means of providing second language instruction.
2. Emphasis on the rules and structure of target language.
  1. METHODS
    1. Grammar-Translation
      1. More emphasis on development of reading, writing, and grammar.
      2. Less emphasis on oral language development
      3. Rules of grammar are taught holistically
    2. Direct
      1. Focus on total immersion in L2
      2. No use of L1 allowed in the classroom
      3. Involves an open-ended response to materials the teacher brings into the classoom
    3. Audiolingual
      1. Grammar structures are carefully sequenced and taught
        APPROACHES
        Drill and practice
        Rote memorization
        Dialogue memorization
        Repetition
        Mnemonics
        Kinetics
      2. Minimal use of L1
      3. Emphasizes error correction, drills, and repetitive practice
3. Origins in the 19th century classical Greek and Latin instruction
Communicative
1. It is a more research-and theory-based approach to second language instruction.
  1. METHODS
    1. Silent Way
      1. Teacher modeling/talk
      2. Reinforcement through repetition/signals
      3. Seldom content-based
    2. Natural Way
      1. Stresses comprehensible input
      2. Minimal error correction/production
      3. Acceptance of students' L1
      4. Not necessarily content-based
    3. Suggestopedia
      1. Emphasis on relaxed physical setting
      2. Minimal error correction
      3. Use of L1 for explanations
      4. Not necessarily content-based
    4. Sheltered Instruction
      1. Grade-level modified curriculum
      2. Scaffolded instruction
      3. Visuals, cooperative learning, and guarded vocabulary
    5. Integrated Content-Based
      1. Emphasizes L2 development
      2. Focus on cintent and language integration
      3. Subject area integrated into thematic units
  2. Approaches
    1. Scaffolding
    2. Guarded Vocabulary
    3. Cooperative learning
    4. Hands-on activities
    5. Reduced use of idioms
    6. Manipulatives and realia
    7. Simulations/big books
    8. Heterogeneous grouping
2. Student-centered emphasis on communication and meaningful acquisition of knowledge
3. Primary origins in 1960s and 1970s research on language learning through communication, constructivism, and social interaction
Cognitive
1. Is an emergent product of efforts to examine and analyze the cognitive psychological side of learning, language learning, and instruction to promote language learning.
2. Learner-centered focus on explicit teaching of learning strategies in communicative ways.
3. Origing in 1980s and 1990s research on learning functions, memory, and cognition
4. METHODS
  1. CALLA
    1. Developmentally appropriate language instruction
    2. Intentional focus on CALP development in L1 and L2 as related to content areas
    3. Focus on prior knowledge
    4. Explicit instruction in the following learning strategies: metacognitive, cognitive, and social/affective
    5. CALLA INSTRUCTIONAL CONCEPTS
      1. Focuses on what is going on in students' minds rather than in their overt responses
      2. Literacy accross the Curriculum
        Focuses on the language demands of content subjects and seeks to integrate literacy and content instruction
      3. Language Experience Approach
        Students learn that what is said can be written down and that what has been written down can be read.
      4. Balanced Reading Approach
        Children do not learn to read in only one way, but that individual variation in literacy development
      5. Process Writing
        Students learn that writing involves thinking, reflection, and multiple revisions
      6. Cooperative Learning
        Students work in carefully selected and organized groups on learning tasks that are structured so that all studenets share in the responsibility for completing the task.
      7. Inquiry Approaches
        Moves students through an inquiry cycle designed to help them learn from experiences
      8. Standard-Based Instruction
        Based on national or state standards for each content subject area
5. APPROACHES
  1. Cooperative learning
  2. Explicit LS instruction
  3. Maximizing content and language objectives
  4. KWL chart
  5. Questioning
  6. Word Walls
  7. Outlines

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ESL Approaches and Methods

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