P1 | Mindmap

A- Energy
1. Heat radiation
  1. Heat energy tends to flow away from a hotter object to cooler surroundings
  2. Radiation
    1. Infrared radiation
      1. Emission of electromagnetic waves
      2. An object that is hotter than its surroundings emits more radiation than it absorbs. Therefore cooling down
    2. Dark, matt surfaces absorb more infrared radiation than light shiny surfaces
      1. Shiny surfaces keep heat in
      2. Dark, matt surfaces absorb light in
2. Kinetic theory
  1. Describes how particles move in different states
    1. Solids
      1. Strong forces of attraction hold the particles together in a fixed regular arrangement
    2. Liquids
      1. Weaker forces of attraction than a solid. Although they are close together they move around each other and form irregular aggangements. They have weak intermolecular bonds
    3. Gases
      1. There are almost no forces of attraction between the particles, they have more energy than the other two states and are free to move in often random directions at high speeds
3. Specific heat capacity
  1. Working out how much energy an object can store
    1. The equation is E = m x c x θ E= energy transferred m= mass (kg) c= specific heat capacity θ= temperature change
4. Conduction + convection
  1. Convection
    1. This occurs when more energetic particles move from a hotter region to a cooler region and take heat energy with them
  2. Conduction
    1. Occurring mainly in solids, the process is where vibrating particles pass on extra kinetic energy to neighbouring particles
    2. Metals are good conductors due to free electrons in their outer shell
5. Condensation+ Evaporation
  1. Condensation
    1. When a gas turns to a liquid it is because as it cools the particles in the gas slow down and lose kinetic energy. The attractive forces then pull the particles together
  2. Evaporation
    1. When a liquid turns to a gas it is because the particles have enough kinetic energy that they are able to overcome the other attractive forces of the liquid and exit the liquid. Then becoming a gas
B- Electricity + waves
1. Waves
  1. Longitudinal waves
    1. Longitudinal waves have vibrations along the same line, as the vibrations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer of the wave
  2. Wave speed = Frequency x Wavelength
  3. Transverse waves
    1. Transverse waves have sideways vibrations, perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer of the wave
  4. Properties of waves

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