Higher Geography - Development and Health

Development Indicators
1. Economic Indicators
  1. Gross National Product (GNP)
    1. The value of all goods, services and investments overseas in a year
  2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
    1. The value of all goods, services and investments in the country in a year
  3. Average electricity consumption per capita
    1. The higher the number, the more developed the country as it indicates a population with access to electrical appliances and high levels of industry
  4. Percentage employed in agriculture
    1. LEDCs have a higher percentage than MEDCs as MEDCs have a greater focus on secondary and tertiary industries
  5. Advantages
    1. Easy to calculate
    2. Used to establish a fair system of aid
  6. Disadvantages
    1. Averages disguise inequalities
    2. Figures exaggerate Development Gap
    3. Subsistence activities are ignored
    4. Factors influencing costs of goods are ignored
    5. GNP can change due to oil revenues
2. Social Indicators
  1. Birth/Death rate
    1. MEDCs have lower values as they are at stages 4 and 5 in the DTM
  2. Life expectancy at birth
    1. This is related to the provision of health care, levels of hygiene and sanitation
    2. It responds to, and rises quickly with, improvements in the provision of such services
  3. Infant mortality per 1000 live births
    1. The number of deaths under the age of one is affected by the same things as life expectancy
  4. Literacy rate
    1. Shows the availability of education and the quality of it
    2. Doesn't show other skills people have
  5. Acess to safe water
    1. Shows the quality of provision of services
  6. Advantages
    1. Clear indicators of a country's level of development
    2. Mostly very easy to understand
  7. Disadvantages
    1. Figures are not necessarily accurate
    2. Some countries have different levels due to social or political factors
Differences in Development Between LEDCs
1. Climate
2. Resources
3. Health
4. Disease
5. Industry
6. Imports/Exports
7. Demography
8. Food
9. Agriculture
10. Housing
Malnutrition
1. Distribution of food
2. Natural disasters
3. Lack of money
4. Political problems
5. Lack of balanced diet
6. Exhausted soils
7. Lack of education on diet
8. Plantation agriculture
Disease
1. Physical factors
  1. Climate
  2. Quality of water supply
  3. Poor sanitation
2. Human factors
  1. People live in overcrowded slums
  2. Low levels of health care
  3. Lack of sanitation
  4. Some live on streets
  5. Disease spreads rapidly
  6. Poor education
  7. Mass immunisation is expensive
  8. Poor nutrition
  9. Poor farming leads to low yield
  10. Undernourished people are more vulnerable to disease
  11. High birth rates stretch food further
  12. Low literacy rates
Primary Health Care
1. Involves
  1. Food and nutrition
  2. Water and sanitation
  3. Disease control
  4. Maternal and child health
  5. Essential drugs
  6. Curative care
  7. Traditional medicine
  8. Health education
2. Local Health Care Workers
  1. Cheap to train
  2. Trained in basic health care
  3. More people can be treated
  4. Only serious cases referred to hospitals
  5. Easily accepted into communities
  6. Familiar with local dialects and customs
3. Clinics provide advice on
  1. Better standards of nutrition
  2. Family planning
  3. Health, such as how to avoid certain diseases
  4. Hygiene
  5. Advantages of breast feeding
  6. Babies and children are vaccinated
Differences in Development Within an LEDC - Brazil
1. Climate
2. Rainfall
3. Soils
4. Raw Materials
5. Government Investment
6. Services and Amenities

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Higher Geography - Development and Health

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