Human Memory

Human Memory

Encoding
1. The Role of Attention
  1. Attention: Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events. Selective attention is critical to everyday functioning
2. Levels of Processing: proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
3. Enriching Encoding
  1. Elaboration: Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
    1. Visual Imagery
4. Self-Referent Encoding: deciding how or whether information is personally relevant
Storage: Maintaing information in memory
1. Sensory Memory: preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
2. Short-Term Memory: limited capacity
  1. Durability of Storage
    1. Capacity of storage
      1. Short-term memory as "Working Memory"
        Working memory: limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between perception, memory, and action
3. Long-term Memory: Unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
4. How knowledge represented and organized in Memory
  1. Schemas, Clustering and conceptual hierarchies, semantic networks, PDP models
Retrieval: Getting information out of memory
1. Using Cues to Aid Retreival
  1. Tip of the tongue phenomenon: the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reach
2. Source Monitoring and Reality Monitoring
  1. Reality Monitoring: process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources or internal sources
    1. Source Monitoring: making attributions about the origins or memories
Forgetting
1. Measures of Forgetting
  1. Retention: refers to the proportion of material retained
  2. Recall measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues
  3. Recognition: measure of retention requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options
2. Why we Forget?
  1. Ineffective Encoding, Decay, Interference, Retrieval Failure, Motivated forgetting
Systems and Types of Memory
1. Implicit VS. Explicit Memory
  1. Implicit Memory: apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering
  2. Explicit: involves intentional recollection of previous experiences
2. Semantic VS. Episodic Memory
  1. Episodic memory: made up of chronological, or temp. dated, recollections of personal experiences
  2. Semantic Memory: contains generally knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned

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