Bloody Sunday

Bloody Sunday

Origins
1. rising cost of living
2. falling wages/unemployment
  1. Oct 1903-04 real wages down by a quarter
  2. Dec 1904 4 workers dismissed from Putilov Steel Works
    1. largest industrial factory in Petrograd
    2. Jan 1905 workers on strike = 120 000
3. Father Gapon
  1. peasant family
  2. minor involvement in rev groups
  3. Assembly of Russian Factory Workers
    1. est 1904
    2. support workers + pursue industrial reform
    3. 6000-8000 members
Events
1. Preparation
  1. sent letters to Tsar and Mirskii (MoI)
  2. believed Tsar would return to meet people
2. 9 January 1905
  1. worker and families march towards Winter Palace
    1. 150 000
    2. petition outlining grievances
      1. 8 hour day
      2. employers discuss needs with
        abolish law against trade unions
      3. set wages in agreement with workers
      4. increase wages of unskilled workers and women to 1 rouble per day
      5. abolish overtime
      6. provide appropriate medical care
    3. carried potrait of the Tsar
  2. police panic
    1. fired at near Winter Palace
      1. 40 dead
    2. Nevsky Prospect
      1. cavalry and cannons blocked entrance to Palace Square
      2. estimates then = 4600 killed/wounded
        recent = 800 injured, 200 dead
Outcomes
1. reputation of Tsar suffered
  1. held responsible (even though not present)
  2. 'It was their faith in the tsar that was riddled with bullets that day' CPSU
  3. 'Nicholas the Bloody'
    1. instead of Little Father
2. Further discontent (1905 Revolution)
  1. workers
    1. 400 000 on strike January
    2. october = general strike
    3. 14 Oct Mosc and Petr economies paralysed
  2. peasants
    1. feared govt would seize property of those unable to repay mortgages
    2. seized estates
      1. lack of troops
      2. isolation
    3. local govt paralysed by October
      1. badly organised at local level
      2. no process for crisis
    4. nationalities/autonomy
  3. military
    1. Manchuria return troops mutinied
      1. took control of Trans-Sib
      2. some weeks
    2. Potemkin
      1. mutinied 14 June
      2. murdered officers, sailed to Rumania
  4. students
    1. 3000 Moscow Uni
    2. 18 march all forcibly closed
3. Rev groups formed
  1. Union of Unions
    1. intelligentsia
    2. connection to people
    3. Pavel Milyukov
    4. Const Ass, voting rights
  2. soviets
    1. end of 1905 = 80
    2. power base for SRs
4. October Manifesto
  1. 17 October 1905
  2. concessions
    1. civil freedoms
      1. assembly
      2. speech
      3. association
    2. voting rights
    3. every law needs Duma confirmation
  3. responses
    1. rev groups
      1. Octobrists accepted
      2. Kadets pursued more concessions
      3. soviets saw as 'fraud'
        called for further action
        workers couldn't afford
        soviets lost influence
        ws disengaged from political demands
        crippled
        Moscow uprising
        chairman Nosar arrested
        260 deps (1/2) arrested 3 Dec
        6 december called for strike
        crippled city
        troops sent in = 1000 dead
        Petrograd figures arrested following Moscow
    2. peasants
      1. land + lower taxes
      2. had to be repressed
      3. land red 1/2ed - later cancelled
  4. Grand Duke Nicholas threated to shoot himself in the head if didn't accept

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