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51119
Sociological Theory
Beschreibung
Sociology Mindmap am Sociological Theory, erstellt von sugarcoatedlolli am 20/04/2013.
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sociology
sociology
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sugarcoatedlolli
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Sociological Theory
functionalism
integration of individuals
integrated into social system
PARSON
mechanism
socialisation
social control
value consensus and social order
PARSON
social order=shared cultures/central value system
value consensus glue holds society together
society as a system
PARSON
society=biological organism
organic analogy
3 similiarties
system
fit together in a fixed way
system needs
basic needs must be met f its to survive
functions
economy helps maintain social system by meeting needs
part of the social system
PARSON
society= building blocks
individual actions governed by norms
norms clustered= status-roles
status-roles= institution
related institution= sub-system
sub-system= social system
system needs
PARSONS
basic needs
Adaptaion
social system meets material needs
Goal attainment
society set goal&allocate resources to achieve
Integration
integrated to pursue shared goals
Latency
maintain society over time
types of society
PARSONS
traditional
students
are ascribed
immediate gratification
modern
deferred gratification
students achieve own goals= individual
social change
PARSONS
change is gradual
evolutionary process
occur through dynamic equilibrium
Marxism
Marx ideas
his theory 'scientific socialism'
Historical materialism
materialism
humans have to work to achieve materialism
means of production
social relations of production
humans cooperate with each other to meet their needs
led to division between classes
mode of production forms economic base
determines the superstructure
education
family
mass media
Politics
religion
class society&exploitation
no class/expolitation
primitive communism
class owns the means
controls the surplus benefits
class societies
ancient
exploitation of slaves
feudal
exploitation of serfs
capitalist
exploitation of free wage labourers
capitalism
division of labour
concentrated power
competition creates concentration
multinational companies
low wage = immiseration
Proletariat free
sell labour
difference in surplus
unequal
2 warring camps
tech=deskilled workers
class polarisation
class consciousness
cause w/c develop consciousness
idelology
u/p control mental production
foster false consciousness
sustain class inequality
alienation
loss of control over due to separation
creates unskilled labourer
state,revolution&communism
state protects class owners
revolution= classless communist
critisims
class
simplistic view of inequality
class polarisation not occurred
economic determinism
revolution not come true
base-superstructure model criticised for economic dterminism
Feminist theories
liberal feminist
can achieve gender equality
cultural change
sex gender
Enter text here
Action theories
WEBER social action
types of action
instrumentally rational action
actors calculate efficient way to achieve given goal
value-rational action
action towards a goal as desirable/own sake
no way of calculating
traditional action
customary/habitual action
'we have always done it'
affectual action
expresses emotion
important religious/political movements
two levels
level of cause
objective structural factors that shape people's behaviour
the protestant reformation introduced new belief system
level of meaning
understanding subjective meanings
work took on religious meaning
evaluation
SCHUTZ
too individualistic
don't explain shared nature of meanings
difficult to apply
symbolic interactionism
MEADE
symbol vs instincts
behaviour is not shaped by instinct
meaning to things that are significant to us
create and live in a world of meaning
attach symbols to the world
symbols have variety of meaning
interpret meaning of things before we know how to respond to the stimulus
taking the role of the other
interpret other people's meaning by taking the role of other
put ourselves into others shoes
ability to develop through social interaction
BLUMER
3 principles
meanings arise from interaction process
actions are based on meaning we give to situation
meanings we give to situation due to interpretive procedure used
our action is partly predictable/ we internalise expectation from others
Labelling theory
interactionist concept
definition of situation
THOMAS
if we believe something is true/it will effect how we act
looking glass self
COOLEY
self concept arises from ability to take role of others
self-fulfilling prophecy occurs/we become what others see us as
career
mental patient labelled by psychiatrist
hard to reintergrate into society
criticism
too deterministic
GOFFMAN'S dramaturgical model
actors acting out scripts
impression management
control impression our preformane
adjust performance to present a convincing image
many techniques for impression
language
tone
gesture
different settings of interaction:we act differently in different things
role
gap between our real self and our roles
we are not the roles we play
role loosely scripted by society
criticism
not all actions are meaningful
cannot explain the consistent patterns we observe in behaviour
ignores wider social structures
Phenomenology
SCHUTZ
typification
categories and concept used no unique to ourselves
meaning given to experiences varies to social context
stabilise & clarify when speaking the same language
possible to communicate
without shared typification= social order would be impossible
shared typification knowledge that we use to make sense of experience
members of society have shared' life world'
Natural attitude
society appears as a real/objective thing
we assume the unknown and unseen individuals
adopt to natural attitude
assumes the social world is solid
HUSSERL
world makes sense because we impose meaning & order
knowledge about the world
through mental acts of categorising meanings
criticism
BERGER&LUCKMANN
reject that society is merely an inter-subjective reality
Ethnomethodology
Garfinkel
how is social order achieved
rejects parsons reasons
social order is an accomplishment
construct using common sense
indexicality
nothing has a fixed meaning
threat to social order
meaning is unclear
Enter text here
reflexivity
make us behave as if meaning are cleat&obvious
use common sense knowledge/ interaction to construct sense of meaning
stop indexicality
suicide and reflexivity
coroners make sense by selecting facts
impose order by seeking patterns
patterns are social construct
criticism
ignores wider structure of power and inequality affect meaning
denies existence of wider society
no reason to accept EM views
identify that patterns and producing explanation are fiction
structure and action
GIDDENS: structuration theory
duality of structure
structure&action cannot exist without each other
through actions produce and reproduce structures
structures are what make actions
reproduction of structure through agency
2 elements
rules
norms, laws that govern/affect action
resources
economic&power over other
an reproduce/change through human actions
obeying law reproduce structure
inventing new technology
criticism
Craib
isn't a theory doesn't explain what actually happens in society
Fails to unite structure with action and apply it on a large scale
language would not exist if no one used it
change of structures through agency
reflexively monitor
our own action
late modern society individuals become more reflexive
actions might change the world
calvinist << created capitalism
Globalisation, modernity&postmodernity
globalisation
technological changes
echange info globally= risk society
economic
greater interconnectedness
becoming more weightless
political changes
globalisation power of nation-state
change in culutre/identity
harder for cultures to exist in insolation
'global culture'
modern society
nation state
capitalism
economy modern societies
individualism
postmodernism
sociology&science
objectivity&values in sociology
sociology&social policy
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