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social behaviour mind map
- Person Perception
- perception or the process of forming impressions of
others, can be influenced by a variety of factors,
including physical appearance. People tend to
attribute desirable characteristics such as sociable,
friendly, warm, competent, and well adjusted to those
who are good looking.
- perception or the process of forming impressions of
others, can be influenced by a variety of factors,
including physical appearance. People tend to
attribute desirable characteristics such as sociable,
friendly, warm, competent, and well adjusted to those
who are good looking.
- Cognitive Schemas
- Stereotyping - is a normal cognitive process involving
widely held social schemas that lead people to expect that
others will have certain characteristics because of their
membership in a specific group. Gender, age, ethnic, and
occupational stereotypes are common.
- Stereotypes may lead people to see what they expect to see and to
overestimate how often they see it. This is called illusory correlation. It
apparently only takes one instance of an unusual or memorable
behaviour to develop an illusory correlation
- Stereotypes may lead people to see what they expect to see and to
overestimate how often they see it. This is called illusory correlation. It
apparently only takes one instance of an unusual or memorable
behaviour to develop an illusory correlation
- Ingroup – a group one belongs to and
identifies with – viewed more favourably
Outgroup – a group one does not belong
to or identify with – negative stereotypes
- Stereotyping - is a normal cognitive process involving
widely held social schemas that lead people to expect that
others will have certain characteristics because of their
membership in a specific group. Gender, age, ethnic, and
occupational stereotypes are common.
- Attribution Process
- Attributions are inferences that
people draw about the causes of
events, others’ behaviour, and their
own behaviour.
- Internal attributions ascribe the causes of behaviour to personal
dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings (within the person).
External attributions ascribe the causes of behaviour to
situational demands and environmental constraints (outside the
person).
- Internal attributions ascribe the causes of behaviour to personal
dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings (within the person).
External attributions ascribe the causes of behaviour to
situational demands and environmental constraints (outside the
person).
- The fundamental attribution error is
an observers’ bias in favor of
internal attributions in explaining
others’ behaviour.
- The actor-observer bias includes that we are likely to
attribute our own behaviour to situational causes and
others’ behaviour to personal (internal) causes.
- the defensive attribution - the tendency to
blame victims for their own misfortune, so that
one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar
way.
- the defensive attribution - the tendency to
blame victims for their own misfortune, so that
one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar
way.
- The actor-observer bias includes that we are likely to
attribute our own behaviour to situational causes and
others’ behaviour to personal (internal) causes.
- Attributions are inferences that
people draw about the causes of
events, others’ behaviour, and their
own behaviour.
- Culture and Attributional Tendencies
- Individualism involves putting personal goals
ahead of group goals and defining oneself
according to personal attributes. Collectivism
involves putting group goals first and defining one’s
identity in terms of the group/family one belongs
to.
- Individualist cultures (European, Canadian and
American) value independence, self-esteem, and
self-reliance. Collectivist cultures (First Nations, Latin
America, Africa and Asia) value sharing resources,
cooperation, and concern for how one’s actions affect
others.
- Individualist cultures (European, Canadian and
American) value independence, self-esteem, and
self-reliance. Collectivist cultures (First Nations, Latin
America, Africa and Asia) value sharing resources,
cooperation, and concern for how one’s actions affect
others.
- The self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute one’s success to personal factors
and one’s failure to situational factors.
- This is more likely in Western cultures. In Japan, researchers have found a
self-effacing bias in which people attribute their successes to receiving help from
others and their failures to themselves and try to improve.
- This is more likely in Western cultures. In Japan, researchers have found a
self-effacing bias in which people attribute their successes to receiving help from
others and their failures to themselves and try to improve.
- Individualism involves putting personal goals
ahead of group goals and defining oneself
according to personal attributes. Collectivism
involves putting group goals first and defining one’s
identity in terms of the group/family one belongs
to.
- Close Relationships
- Interpersonal attraction refers to positive
feelings toward another
- Physical appearance influences are significant in
attraction and love, particularly in the initial
stages of dating.
- The matching hypothesis proposes that
males and females of approximately
equal physical attractiveness are likely to
select each other as partners.
- similarity - shows that couples tend to be
similar in age, race, religion, social class,
education, intelligence, physical attractiveness,
and attitudes.
- Interpersonal attraction refers to positive
feelings toward another
- Perspectives on Love
- Berscheid and Hatfield have
distinguished between passionate and
companionate love, with passionate love
being a complete absorption in another
that includes tender sexual feelings and
the agony and ecstasy of intense
emotion.
- Companionate love is warm, trusting, tolerant
affection for another whose life is deeply
intertwined with one’s own.
- Robert Sternberg has expanded the distinction between
passionate and companionate love, subdividing
companionate love into intimacy (warmth, closeness, and
sharing) and commitment (intent to maintain a relationship
in spite of the difficulties and costs).
- Companionate love is warm, trusting, tolerant
affection for another whose life is deeply
intertwined with one’s own.
- Berscheid and Hatfield have
distinguished between passionate and
companionate love, with passionate love
being a complete absorption in another
that includes tender sexual feelings and
the agony and ecstasy of intense
emotion.
- Early Attachment and Love in Adulthood
- Attachment anxiety indicates how much people
worry about their partner not being there when
needed (abandonment) and is partly due to their
feelings of being/not being lovable.
- Attachment avoidance refers to the amount of
comfort with closeness and intimacy and the
amount of emotional distance they need.
- Attachment anxiety indicates how much people
worry about their partner not being there when
needed (abandonment) and is partly due to their
feelings of being/not being lovable.
- Attitudes
- Explicit attitudes – attitudes we are conscious of
- Implicit attitudes - attitudes we hold and express
in subtle automatic responses over which we have
little conscious control.
- Explicit attitudes – attitudes we are conscious of
- Theories of Attitude Formation and Change
- Learning Theory: Attitudes may be shaped through classical
conditioning (pairing) especially if emotion is involved. E.g. pair
product with Olympic champion).
- Operant conditioning (rewards and punishment) can be used to
form or change attitudes,
- Observational learning (e.g. from parents, peers) influences attitudes
- Observational learning (e.g. from parents, peers) influences attitudes
- Operant conditioning (rewards and punishment) can be used to
form or change attitudes,
- Dissonance Theory: Festinger’s dissonance theory asserts
that inconsistent attitudes cause tension and that people
alter their attitudes to reduce cognitive dissonance.
- Learning Theory: Attitudes may be shaped through classical
conditioning (pairing) especially if emotion is involved. E.g. pair
product with Olympic champion).
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