Basic Concepts

Basic Concepts

Hydrocarbons
1. A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains ONLY H and C
2. Saturated
  1. SINGLE BONDS
  2. ALKANES
  3. Bromine water doesn't change
3. Unsaturated
  1. AT LEAST one double c=c bond
  2. Alkenes
  3. Bromine water goes from Orange to Clear in Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Functional Groups
1. RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF THE COMPOUND
2. Alkane
  1. c-c
  2. -ane
3. Alkene
  1. c=c
  2. -ene
4. Halogenoalkane
  1. Chloro
  2. Bromo
  3. Chloro
  4. Iodo
5. Alcohols
  1. -OH
  2. Hydroxy
  3. -ol
  4. Ethanol
    1. Alcoholic Drinks
    2. Solvent (Methylated Spirits)
    3. Hydration of Ethene
      1. Steam and Ethene
      2. H2PO4 Catalyst
      3. High Pressures
      4. High Temperatures
      5. 100% Ethanol
      6. 100% Atom Economy
      7. Non-renewable source (cracked hydrocarbons)
    4. Fermentation of Sugars
      1. Slow Batch Process
      2. Yeast Enzyme 37 degrees
      3. 14% Ethanol
      4. Low Atom Economy (CO2 waste)
      5. Cheap Materials and Energy Demand
      6. Renewable Sources (Sugar Cane)
  5. Methanol
    1. Petrol Addative
    2. Chemical Feedstock
  6. Classifying Alcohols
    1. Primary
      1. OH group with only one alkyl group
      2. Partial Oxidation to Aldyhydes
    2. Secondary
      1. OH group attached with 2 alkyl groups
    3. Tertiary
      1. OH group is attached with three alkyl groups
6. Aldehyde
  1. C=O and a H
  2. -al
7. Ketone
  1. Just a C=O
  2. -ONE
8. Carboxyllic Acid
  1. COOH
  2. -oic
Homologous Series
1. differing by a -CH2 group
Naming Table
1. 1=meth
2. 2=eth
3. 3=prop
4. 4=but
5. 5=pent
6. 6=hex
7. 7=hept
8. 8=oct
9. 9=non
10. 10=dec
Isomerisms
1. Stereoisomerism
  1. Same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space
  2. E/Z Isomerism
    1. You need a C=C
    2. Atoms fixed in place
    3. Must have 2 different groups attached
  3. CIS-Trans Stereoisomesim
    1. Special type of E/Z
    2. Two groups are the same
    3. E (trans) on the opposite sides
    4. Z (cis) on the Zame Zide
Organic Reagents and Reactions
1. Homolytic Fission
  1. Each bonded atom takes one electron
  2. Eachatom has anunpaired electron
  3. Braking of a Covalent Bond
2. Heterolytic Fission
  1. Split Unequally
  2. One atom takes both e-
  3. X-Y=X+Y-

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