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THE BEGINNINGS
OF REFORM (pg.29-AQA)
- 1512 - Pope Julius II summoned a Lateran
Council to try & respond to demands - The
opening speaker declared; 'Unless by this
council or by some other means we put a
limit on our morals...it is all over with
Christendom'
- The need for reform was recognised
- Condemned the abuses
within the Church (try &
reduce the luxiurious
lifestyle)
- Identified that better
education was needed for
the clergy
- Condemned the abuses
within the Church (try &
reduce the luxiurious
lifestyle)
- The need for reform was recognised
- Evidence that there was complaints
to reform the Church before 1500 -
Church made an effort to try to reform
itself
- Devotio Moderna is an
example of a lay movement
- In France/Spain the
bishops tried to raise the
standards of the priests
& clergy
- The order, 'Carthusians'
maintained a high reputation &
never needed reform
- Why the Popes responded slow to
the pressure of reform:
- Turkish threat
- Quality of the
Popes
- Obstruction of
the cardinals at
the papal court
- Turkish threat
- Devotio Moderna is an
example of a lay movement
- Election of Pope Adrian VI (1522-3)
was a hopeful sign ( but died after
18months)
- No party in Rome
to grant favours -
no faction to
support
- Reputation: Holy &
honest
- Genuinely
incorruptible
- Frightened
cardinals
- Frightened
cardinals
- Genuinely
incorruptible
- Refused to sleep in the
luxurious apartments - instead
slept on a mattress in a plain
room
- First task was to reform the papal
curia where 'all evil has come' - the
cardinals blocked any chance of this
occurring
- No party in Rome
to grant favours -
no faction to
support
- Clement VIII
(1523-34) -
disappointment
- Aristocrat
from the
Medici family
- Weak, indecisive, afraid
of commiting to reform
- 1520s - Battle between
Francis I & Emperor
Charles V
- Supported Francis I which
turned out bad as, Francis I
was defeated & in 1527
Charles V's unpaid troops
sacked the city of Rome
- SACK OF ROME WAS
SEEN AS A TURNING
POINT IN CATHOLIC
REFORM
- Patrick Collinson; 'the year
1527 had an impact like that of
the 11th of September'
- Seen as a sign
that God was
displeased with the
morals of the city &
the pace of reform
- Church
possessions
looted, Popes
income halved
- Patrick Collinson; 'the year
1527 had an impact like that of
the 11th of September'
- SACK OF ROME WAS
SEEN AS A TURNING
POINT IN CATHOLIC
REFORM
- Supported Francis I which
turned out bad as, Francis I
was defeated & in 1527
Charles V's unpaid troops
sacked the city of Rome
- Aristocrat
from the
Medici family
- Pope Paul III (1534-40)
- Member of aristocratic
family; Farnese
- Spent money on
art, buildings,
mistresses
- 5 children
- Made 2 of his
grandsons
cardinals
- Gave his son, Pier
Luigi a duchy (aka land)
- Made 2 of his
grandsons
cardinals
- Commissioned
Michelangelo to
paint the 'Last
Judgement'
- Committed himself
to reform
- Key things occurred during
his reign
- 1540: The
society of the
Jesuits
- 1542: The Roman
Inquistition
- 1545: The Council of
Trent (First session)
- 1540: The
society of the
Jesuits
- Made leaders of the Catholic
reform into cardinals; Contarini,
Carafa, Sadoleto, Pole, John
Fisher
- Supported new
orders; Barnabites,
Ursulines,
Capuchins
- Attempted
administrative
reforms; ordering
80 bishops to return
to their diocese
- Did not take sides
during the Italian
wars - tried to build
up the papacys
international role by
promoting peace
- General Council (first
summon was in 1536)
- Commanded actions to
investigate the faults of the
Church & to make
recommendations -
Contarini/Carafa = The Consilium
was produced
- Key things occurred during
his reign
- Member of aristocratic
family; Farnese
- CONSILIUM DE EMENDANDA
ECCLESIA (Advice on the reform of
the Church) - 1537
- Hard-hitting, radical
document - not afraid to
criticise the Pope
- Report began; 'Christs's
church, falling indeed & almost
collapsed, should be restored
by you...save it from ruin'
- Cardinals wanted Pope Paul
III to act on the advice given
to him whilst the others
before him 'collected advice
& not acted on it'
- BUT carrying out these
reforms would cause mass
protest (possibly revolution)
- Sack of Rome & the lost
of papal states, reduced
income - so couldn't agree
to things that decreased
income even further
- BUT carrying out these
reforms would cause mass
protest (possibly revolution)
- Rome; prostitutes, rent
boys, trinket-seller driven
out
- Popes responsible for some
abuses (selling Church
offices - simony)
- Failing pastoral care, urgent
help for the monasteries, low
examples set by priests, low
quality preaching
- Recommendations:
- Simony stopped - positions
awarded if person is worthy
- Bishops to stay
in their diocese &
spend time in
reform, pastoral
care, educating
the priests
- Holding more than one
benefice (pluralism) to end
- Orders that were
not Catholic to be
abolished
- Humanist teachings to stop &
censorship on books
- Simony stopped - positions
awarded if person is worthy
- Recommendations:
- Refused
publication but it
was leaked in
1538 (Contarini)
- Enemies seized it stating
they were right all along
- Luther translated it into German with
sarcastic comments on the margins -
but he pointed out it did not mention
reform in the Catholic Doctrine which
he felt was most important
- Luther translated it into German with
sarcastic comments on the margins -
but he pointed out it did not mention
reform in the Catholic Doctrine which
he felt was most important
- Enemies seized it stating
they were right all along
- No different to the
condemnation of the
Church in the past
- Hard-hitting, radical
document - not afraid to
criticise the Pope
Medienanhänge
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