Renaissance

Anmerkungen:

• The arts of the renaissance was one of the part that's best known for. Many famous artists that we still know well are the people that's from the renaissance. There are changes that occurred as well. Before the renaissance period, almost every single piece of artwork you see is religious, but during the renaissance, it somewhat transitioned because many paintings and sculptures were not fully religious-based theme anymore. As a whole, arts during the renaissance is still a huge impact to us even nowadays. 

1. Michelangelo
   1. Famous sculptor + painter
   2. Craved famous works such as La Pieta, David, Moses.
2. Leonardo DaVinci
   1. Famous painter
   2. Drew famous paintings such as Monalisa
3. Raphael
   1. Successful artist and created numerous of designs for structures
   2. Drew the series of Madonna
4. Brunelleschi
   1. Created perspectives
5. Donatello
   1. A well-known sculptor
6. Change
   1. Non Religious Themes

      Anmerkungen:

      • During the classical and medieval period, almost every single piece of artwork are religious themed. Every single of them are basically religious. After the transition to the renaissance period, the arts started to change from all religious into non religious theme arts. 
   2. Transition from classical/medieval period into renaissance
   3. Perspectives

      Anmerkungen:

      • Perspectives was a great change plus a huge impact towards the arts. Without the linear perspective that's discovered by Brunellschi. In addition, by using linear perspective, painters were able to turn paintings from two-dimensional into three-dimensional. To sum up, it brought up changes in the arts. 

Anmerkungen:

• Humanism is a major part of the renaissance as well. It changed the way of how people thinks about things. With the existence of humanism, citizens back then were able to do more and discover new ideas freely. Even though there were some conflicts with humanism due to the churches, the people who believed in humanism still strongly believed in it. Consequently, it may have a great impact because it changed the way that people think. 

1. Raphael
   1. His artworks made many people believe that it was the best expression of humanism during Renaissance
2. Petrarch
   1. Strongly believed in the idea of humanism
3. Independent Thinking

   Anmerkungen:

   • Independent thinking was momentous because people started to believe in humanism, which also led them to the idea of having independent idea, also known as independent thinking. With independent thinkings, everyone was able to have more opinions and thoughts, which might be able to let a single person to come up with impressive ideas. Therefore, this is a significant part the renaissance since people shared their ideas more freely. 
   1. Many people followed the idea of Humanist, which made more ideas getting spread out

Anmerkungen:

• Change was a huge part of the Renaissance period. There were numerous amount of changes that occurred throughout the Renaissance time period including the way people thinks, the ideas that we have nowadays, and countless amount of modern day science foundations and discoveries. In addition, the idea of humanism was formed throughout the Renaissance as well. It's also a golden age for arts. Lot's of artworks that were created are still prominent nowadays such as Monalisa. Without the changes that happened during the Renaissance period, tons of observations and thoughts might not even be noticed even nowadays. The knowledge we have currently may be fewer if it wasn't the Renaissance that built the foundation. Therefore, change was one of the key point of the Renaissance period. 

1. Arts
   1. Perspectives
   2. Non-religious theme
2. Science
3. Independent thinking
4. Architecture

1. Copernicus

   Anmerkungen:

   • Copernicus is actually an extremely important and famous person in history. He's basically the one who laid out a foundation about astronomy for us, which is about how Earth isn't the central of the universe. He wrote a whole book about his observations, but Catholic churches were against his ideas since they believed that he's just saying nonsense. Nevertheless, he didn't gave up on his discovery and it's still useful for us nowadays. Therefore, he's an important person because of his observations. 
   1. Polish Astronomer
   2. Took care by his uncle for most of his life
   3. Good education and studied medicine/laws
   4. Discovered the idea of Earth is orbiting around the sun
   5. Wrote "On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres" about his theories
   6. Power of the Church and Kings Challenged

      Anmerkungen:

      • This was somewhat a challenge for many people during the renaissance, especially Copernicus. As an example, Copernicus made the right assumption for many observations and the discoveries were all correct such as the orbiting Earth, but the church were always against him. Just by this example, citizens from back then may had not been able to show the best they can and discover the real facts since they'll get punished by the church. Therefore, it's somewhat significant because of the difficulties it brought up to many people. 
      1. Many churches was against him
      2. Made the road of success to him a lot more challenging
2. Brunelleschi

   Anmerkungen:

   • Brunellschi was a person that designed some architectures and discovered linear perspectives for drawing. He was important because he designed a cathedral and redesigned some military fortifications. Moreover, he's the person that came up with the idea of linear perspectives. The perspective allowed artists to make two dimensional paintings into there dimensional. Therefore, he's quite momentous during the renaissance. 
   1. Architecture

      Anmerkungen:

      • The architecture plays a role during the renaissance by having more cathedrals all over the place and having a better design for military fortifications. Furthermore, the renaissance architectures were built by using columns, domes, and arches, which we still use nowadays in our buildings as well. As a result, the architecture during that time period is important and it even influences the structures we have today. 
      1. Italian architect/engineer
      2. One of his major work was the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
      3. Him losing the sculpture competition lead him to the road of being an architect
      4. He redesigned the military fortifications
   2. Perspective
      1. Rediscovered the principles of linear perspective
      2. Made artists able to draw 1 point perspective paintings
      3. Two-dimensional paintings were be able to be turned into illusions of three-dimensional spaces.
3. Donatello

   Anmerkungen:

   • Donatello was an Italian sculptor. He's important because he sculptured famous statues such as David. Moreover, he created variety types of sculptures using different materials. 
   1. Italian sculptor
   2. His style was dramatic and emotional
   3. One of his most famous work was the sculpture "David."
   4. Created sculptures by using different types of material such as bronze, marble, etc.
4. Galileo

   Anmerkungen:

   • Galileo was an important person during the Renaissance period because he made the telescope to support the Copernicus theory. Moreover, he discovered some of the facts and foundations of the moon and jupiter. In addition, he had great observations towards physics and all those discoveries affected the science we have nowadays. 
   1. Copernicus
      1. Constructed telescope that supported Copernicus's theory
      2. Strongly agreed with Copernicus's theory
      3. Got arrested when he admitted that he supports the theory
   2. Himself and his life
      1. Italian
      2. A mathematic professor who made observations that are related to physics
      3. Made a telescope that allowed us to see the universe
      4. Discovered new facts about the moon and jupiter
5. Gutenberg

   Anmerkungen:

   • Gutenberg was a German inventor and printer. He's an important person because his invention in printing had a huge impact on worldwide communication. He made movable types of printer with a casting system and metal alloy, which made printing easier than the printer that was invented in Asia. 
   1. Printing

      Anmerkungen:

      • Printing is exceedingly important because it helped communication a lot. It had a impact on worldwide communication, not just Europe. Moreover, by being able to print, people were able to express thoughts and feelings by words even more convenient. Without a printing system, the communication that's made during the renaissance will be even more difficult and incomplete. 
      1. His masterpiece was the first book ever printed in Europe
      2. Forty-Two-Line bible was his masterpiece
      3. He made movable types with a casting system and metal alloy, which made printing even more convenient
      4. Famous printed bible

         Anmerkungen:

         • After his invention, he eventually made something famous out of it. He printed the Forty-Two-Line bible, which was also known as his masterpiece. 
   2. His life
      1. German inventor and printer
      2. Had a huge impact on worldwide communication and learning
6. Leonardo da Vinci

   Anmerkungen:

   • DaVinci is an important person during the Renaissance period because he's basically one of the most famous artist even now and he's the person that drew many famous paintings that influences us even today such as Monalisa. Moreover, during his time period, he was also an architect and engineer that designed weapons, buildings, and machines. 
   1. Arts
      1. Italian Artist
      2. Trained under master sculptor and painter
      3. He loved drawing human, animals, and plants
      4. Drew some of the most famous paintings, such as Monalisa
   2. Architect/Engineer
      1. Also an architect and engineer
      2. Designed weapons, building, and machines
   3. Florence, Italy
7. Machiavelli

   Anmerkungen:

   • Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat that took control over Florence for fourteen years. He's an important person because he had several pieces of famous work that was considered as the handbook for the politicians. 
   1. Diplomat for 14 years
   2. Briefly jailed when the Medici family was back
   3. Time away from politics allowed him to have a chance to write the political treatises
   4. "The Prince" was one of his famous work
   5. His work has been considered as the handbook for politicians
   6. Italian diplomat
8. Raphael

   Anmerkungen:

   • Raphael was a great artist, which made him famous. He created a series of Madonna and designed many religious buildings/structures. He was a great influence since his artworks were one of the most famous ones during the Renaissance and some of the paintings he drew are still famous nowadays. All of his pieces were detailed and thoughtful.  Moreover, he changed people's perspective towards art.
   1. Italian artist
   2. Created a series of painting of Madonna
   3. Took over his father's workshop after his father died and became successful really fast
   4. He was influenced by many famous artists
   5. Created designs for many religious buildings/structures
   6. Perspective
      1. He changed the way people viewed art and changed their perspectives
9. Shakespeare

   Anmerkungen:

   • Shakespeare is one of the most famous playwright and English poet. He expresses his thoughts in the poems he wrote and wrote a great amount of famous books and poetries. He's important to us since his work still influences us nowadays and many well-known poems are created by him. 
   1. Studied Latin classical literature
   2. Skilled actor and a great poet
   3. Expressed thoughts by using memorable words
   4. Wrote numerous of famous books and poetries
   5. English Poet and playwright
10. Vesalius

    Anmerkungen:

    • Vesalius is an important scientist since he studied medicine and lot's of his observations still affects us nowadays. Moreover, he's a hardworking person, and his discoveries influenced us a lot. 
    1. Medicine

       Anmerkungen:

       • Vesalius observed and discovered many new medicines. Moreover, there are still some discoveries of the medicine that even somewhat has an impact in the medicine we take nowadays. Therefore, it's an important influence. 
       1. Came from a family of doctors and pharmacists
       2. He studied medical and specialized in anatomy
    2. Science
       1. Belgian Scientist
       2. Curious, confident, and hardworking person
       3. He dissected dead bodies and made new discoveries
11. Michelangelo

    Anmerkungen:

    • Michelangelo was a famous painter and a sculptor. He didn't have that much influence towards the society comparing with the other famous people, but he still had some extremely prominent artworks such as La Pieta. 
    1. Florence, Italy
    2. Had a bad childhood
    3. A painter and sculptor
    4. Often ambitious when he was young
    5. Painted a famous piece of artwork named "La Pieta" and painted the ceiling of a chapel
12. Petrarch

    Anmerkungen:

    • Petrarch a person that believed strongly in the idea of humanism and was also a famous writer. He strongly believed that everyone has the chance of being the best that they can be. On the other hand, he wrote sonnets, letters, histories, etc. 
    1. Writing
       1. His writing was greatly admired during his lifetime
       2. He mostly wrote about someone named Laura, but no one knows her true identity
    2. Humanism
       1. A poet/scholar who had a huge impact during the Renaissance
       2. He had a belief that everyone should have the chance to live the best out of themselves

Anmerkungen:

• Lot's of science discoveries and foundations were made during the renaissance period, which shows the importance. Such as the orbit that's discovered by Copernicus, the medicine studies that's observed by Vesalius, etc. Therefore, lot's of basics that were found out during the renaissance even influences the science we learned nowadays. 

1. Scientists
   1. Copernicus
   2. Vesalius
   3. Galileo
2. Medical
   1. Medical improved and even affected some medicines we use nowadays
3. Astronomy
   1. Moon
      1. The surface of the moon is not extremely smooth
   2. Jupiter
      1. Jupiter had a lot of moons (discovered by Galileo)
   3. Orbit
      1. Copernicus discovered that Earth is orbiting around the sun

Anmerkungen:

• The politics were a great part of the renaissance because it's basically what keeps everything organized. One of the well-known family that ruled Florence for quite a bit of time is the Medici family. Moreover, the politics were important since if they didn't have a strong political system, the whole city would be a mess already. As a result, it's a huge part of that time period. 

1. Medici Family

   Anmerkungen:

   • The medici family was a family that ruled Florence for numerous amount of years. They were smart on arranging marriages, which made their political alliances even stronger since they were able to have a peaceful relationship with others. In addition, the Medici family had a great patronage towards the arts. The Medici family was important to the point that they were known as the Godfathers of the renaissance. Therefore, they were significant. 
   1. Patrons

      Anmerkungen:

      • The medici family was also famous for their patronage of arts. Without their support, the arts of the renaissance may not have get to the best point. Such as Lorenzo de' Medici, he was considered by Machiavelli that he's the best patron in arts that anyone could be able to be. As a result, the patronage of the Medici family was important because of their support. 
      1. Was famous for their patronage of arts
   2. Florence, Italy

      Anmerkungen:

      • Florence, Italy is basically where most of the important people or events that happened came from. There were many famous people that came from Florence such as DaVinci, Michelangelo, etc. Moreover, Florence was a convenient place for trading with both Asia and Africa, which also made new ideas spreading across the city. Florence was also the place where it was politically strong as well. The Medici family ruled over Florence for most of the time while Machiavelli ruled for 14 years when they weren't there. To sum up, Florence is an extremely significant location where numerous of developments happened. 
   3. Known as the Godfathers of the renaissance
   4. Took control over Florence for quite an extended amount of time
2. Machiavelli
   1. Ruled Florence for 14 years before the Medici family went back

Anmerkungen:

• The meaning of renaissance is basically rebirth. The rebirth of the classical ideas is basically the transition from the medieval period into the renaissance. Lot's of ideas that were transitioned was from the classical period and the literature were mostly from ancient Greece and Rome. The rebirth of classical ideas was somewhat the root of the entire renaissance period because if it never occurred, then none of the events that happened would've happened. To sum up, this category is an important influence of the renaissance. 

1. Ancient Greece and Rome

   Anmerkungen:

   • Almost every single event that happened during the renaissance was influenced by the ancient Greek and Rome culture. It had a great impact on everything such as the literature, they studied Latin, which came from those ancient times. Therefore, the effect of the events that happened during the renaissance was partially caused because of the ancient Greek and Roman ideas, literatures, and cultures.