Renaissance

Anmerkungen:

• Time period from 500 BCE to 500 CE. Greeks and Romans created sculptures, pottery, murals and mosaics. Showed importance of civic leaders and ordinary people as well as gods and goddesses through art. Different sort of architecture. Poets wrote about daily lives and experiences. Had lots of ideas about astronomy, and medicine.

1. Rebirth of Classical Ideas

   Anmerkungen:

   • The rebirth of classical ideas occurred when people started to want to learn more about Ancient Greece and Rome and they started hunting for ancient artifacts. They also improved on their ideas. 
   1. Independent Thinking

      Anmerkungen:

      • They all had to think for themselves so they could manage to create humanism. People had to start wanting to learn about Ancient Greece and Rome, and go hunt for artifacts. They also had to create new ideas and make their own to be able to do what humanism is about.
      1. Humanism

         Anmerkungen:

         • All of these things lead down to humanism. It is a philosophy that tries to balance religious faith with individual dignity and an interest in nature and society. Humanists tried to take these Classical Ideas, and improve on them.
         1. Arts

            Anmerkungen:

            • During this time, people combined the style of Classical Art and also Medieval Art and created their own kind of art. 
            1. Michelangelo

               Anmerkungen:

               • He is one of the greatest painters and sculptors in history. His art combines the Renaissance ideals of beauty with emotional expressiveness. He created the Sistine Chapel Ceiling and also the sculpture "David".
            2. Raphael

               Anmerkungen:

               • His most famous work is the Sistine Madonna. He is known for his clarity of form, ease of composition and ideal human grandeur. 
            3. Leonardo Da Vinci

               Anmerkungen:

               • He also painted and sculpted. You might have heard of his painting, the "Mona Lisa".
            4. Perspective

               Anmerkungen:

               • The use of perspective was something that wasn't seen before. It is a technique to give realistic depth to a scene. Renaissance art is the only time period that it is used well in.
            5. Donatello

               Anmerkungen:

               • He is a Renaissance sculptor. He is the most influential individual artist of the 15th century. He created lifelike, emotional sculptors, with a reputation second only to Michelangelo. 
            6. Non religious themes

               Anmerkungen:

               • During the Renaissance, people didn't just want to show the importance of religious figures, they also wanted to show the importance of nature and people.
         2. Science

            Anmerkungen:

            • In universities, they started teaching about observation and experimentation. People developed new ideas for the stars and planets.
            1. Galileo

               Anmerkungen:

               • He laid the foundations for modern physics and astronomy. He supported the Copernican theory. He also established the principle of inertia.  
            2. Leonardo Da Vinci

               Anmerkungen:

               • He studied science and had many experimentations to prove ideas and he also correlated science and math.
            3. Copernicus

               Anmerkungen:

               • He created a theory that the sun was the center of the everything instead of the Earth and laid the foundations of modern astronomy.
         3. Architecture

            Anmerkungen:

            • This is a part of humanism, people copied the way that they built buildings in Ancient Greece and Rome. The archways, columns, and courtyards. 
            1. Brunelleschi

               Anmerkungen:

               • One of the founding fathers of the Renaissance. He created the dome for the Florence Cathedral. He rediscovered the technique that the Greeks and Romans used to draw and make things look 3D on a 2D paper.
            2. Raphael

               Anmerkungen:

               • He is a painter and architect that created the Villa Madama.
            3. Leonardo Da Vinci

               Anmerkungen:

               • He is an architect, as well as many other professions. He created the  Milan Cathedral.
         4. Medicine

            Anmerkungen:

            • During this time, doctors and artists started to study the anatomy more closely and learned more about the human body. It helped to create new cures.
            1. Vesalius

               Anmerkungen:

               • A Belgian scientist who's work changed medicine and anatomy. He cut open dead bodies and found many errors on the way people were treated because they didn't know enough about the human body. His book, "On the Structure of the Human Body", is considered the world's first medical textbook. 
            2. Leonardo Da Vinci

               Anmerkungen:

               • His sketches on the human anatomy is really famous. One of the first to provide accurate drawings and explanations of the anatomy. 
         5. Power of the Church and Kings Challenged

            Anmerkungen:

            • Humanism taught people to question everything, but the church taught to obey everything to go to heaven, so they got in conflicts sometimes. 
            1. Copernicus

               Anmerkungen:

               • He opposed the church, who thought that his findings were heretical and banned his book in 1616 about his heliocentric system. 
         6. Literature

            Anmerkungen:

            • Literature changed a lot, people could now read and learn to read because of the printing press. As a result of this, a lot more people were educated.
            1. Gutenberg

               Anmerkungen:

               • He created the printing press. He helped to spread information more quickly because his printing press could print books faster than hand. 
               1. Printing

                  Anmerkungen:

                  • Gutenberg created a movable metal type printing press. Before the printing press, everything was written by hand. So the printing press speeded the creation of books and pamphlets up. 
                  1. Famous Printed Bible

                     Anmerkungen:

                     • There were 210 copies of the bible printed. There was the Old Testament and the New Testament. However, in the creation of the printed bible, his investor took his idea and got a lot of money from it.
            2. Shakespeare

               Anmerkungen:

               • He is considered to be one of the world's greatest playwrights and one of it's finest poets. Even today, his plays  are still acted out and watched around the world, and his poems are still read and studied.  
            3. Machiavelli

               Anmerkungen:

               • He wrote a book called "The Prince". It is about politics, and he really affected what people thought about rulers and what they should do. 
            4. Petrarch

               Anmerkungen:

               • Petrarch is an Italian poet that was of the people that started the humanism movement. He wrote two quite famous poems, Canzionere and Trionfi. 
      2. Petrarch

         Anmerkungen:

         • He is one of the early starts and founders of humanism. He is an Italian poet. He loved old books and collected them and asked friends to give them to him. He built up a big collection of texts of Latin and Greek that he shared with scholars. He basically started the whole humanism movement by rekindling the interest in Ancient Greece and Rome.
   2. Change

      Anmerkungen:

      • Change had to occur in order for the Renaissance to start. People started to place more emphasis on the individual and also leaned towards what the Ancient Greeks and Romans did.
2. Non Religious Themes

   Anmerkungen:

   • The art of Ancient Greece and Rome weren't always about gods and goddesses, they were also about ordinary people and leaders. 

Anmerkungen:

• It was Italy's leading cultural centers during the Renaissance. A lot of influential people in the Renaissance such as Michelangelo or Da Vinci grew up there. It was a wealthy city because of it's trading.

1. Politics

   Anmerkungen:

   • Florence was ruled by the Medici family. It is ruled by a series of governing boards, all controlled by the Medici family. 
   1. Medici Family

      Anmerkungen:

      • They were a wealthy and powerful family. They managed to control or were involved in all aspects of the city. They built palaces and maintained a great army. 
      1. Patrons

         Anmerkungen:

         • A person or group that gives financial or other support to a group, individual or organization. 
         1. Art

            Anmerkungen:

            • The Medici family created beautiful sculptures, paintings and palaces throughout the city. They sponsored artists, writers and sculptors. 
         2. Education

            Anmerkungen:

            • They created universities and helped to educate more people.
   2. Machiavelli

      Anmerkungen:

      • He is a statesmen and historian. During the Medici's exile, he organized the city's defenses. He also served as a diplomat and observed other Italian rulers.