Chemistry IGCSE

Beschreibung

Going over some of the key elements needed for the upcoming exam
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Chemistry IGCSE
  1. Li - Crimson Red flame
    1. Na - Yellow-Orange flame
      1. K - Lilac Flame
        1. Ca - Brick-Red flame
          1. Dip clear platinum loop in HCL (aq)
            1. Hold in a roaring blue flame
              1. Wait till it burns with no colour
                1. Dip in sample then place in flame
                  1. Test for coloured precipitate with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
                    1. Copper 2+ Ions - Blue precipitate
                      1. Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s)
                      2. Iron 3+ ions - Reddish-Brown precipitate
                        1. Fe 3+ (aq) + 3OH- (aq) → Fe(OH)3 (s)
                        2. Iron 2+ ions - Sludgy green precipitate
                          1. Fe 2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Fe(OH)3 (s)
                        3. Ammonium Compound + NaOH = Ammonia!
                          1. Usually smells of cat urine
                            1. Check using litmus paper
                              1. Damp red litmus paper blue
                                1. NH4 give off ions which react with the litmus paper making it blue as it is an alkaline
                          2. Test for Anions
                            1. Test for Carbonates
                              1. Add dilute Hydrochloric acid (aq) to the test sample
                                1. If carbonates are present then carbon dioxide will be released
                                  1. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy (Test)
                                    1. CO3 (s) + 2H (aq) → CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
                              2. Test for Sulfates
                                1. Add dilute Hydrocholoric acid (aq) then barium chloride solution
                                  1. A white precipitate means the compound was origanally a sulfate
                                    1. Ba (aq) + SO (aq) → BaSO4 (S)
                                2. Test for Halides
                                  1. To test for chloride, bromide or iodide ions, add dilute nitric acid (aq) then add silver nitrate solution (AgNO3)
                                    1. Chloride Ion gives a White Precipitate of Silver Chloride
                                      1. Bromide ion gives a Cream precipitate of Silver Bromide
                                        1. Iodide ion gives a Yellow Precipitate of Silver Iodide
                                          1. Ag (aq) + I (aq) → AgI (S)
                                          2. Ag (aq) + Br (aq) → AgBr (S)
                                          3. Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) → AgCl (S)
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