Anatomy and Physiology

Skeletal system (206)
2. is divided into two systems:
  1. Axial System (80)
    1. Includes these types of bones:
      1. Flat Bone
        Mainly found in the skull such as the frontal bone
        and acts as a shield for the brain
        also found in the rib cage
        that acts as a protective cage for the heart
        that is lateral to the sternum, another flat bone
        and anterior to the scapula, a flat bone as well
      2. Irregular Bone
        found on the vertebrae column
        has hinge joints
        that stabilizes and supports the back
        has pivot joints between atlas and axis
  2. Appendicular System (126)
    1. Includes these types of bones that are used to move:
      1. Long Bone
        Found in the Legs
        Femur
        Tibia and fibula
        is inferior to the
        but superior to
        Found in the Arms
        Humerus
        inferior to it is the
        Ulna and Radius
        when connected to the glenoid cavity there is a ball and socket joint
        Is made up of Epiphysis at the ends and Diaphysis in the middle (Shaft)
        from outside to inside, the Cortex is the outermost layer
        then Compact Bone
        then the Periosteum
        that all covers the Medullary cavity inside the bone
        which contains yellow marrow and red bone marrow that creates red blood cells
        found in blood that is pumped using the
      2. Sesamoid Bone
        is in between tendons that are usually in the hands, knees and feet
        the patella in the knee is the most commonly known
        which is in between the
      3. Short Bone
        found in the hand
        insert pic
        they are known as carpals
        which is inferior to
        has gliding joints
        found in the feet as well
        are known as tarsals
3. has the functions of
  1. Movement
    1. is conducted through
      1. which will then move the bone
  2. Protection for delicate organs
  3. Structural Suppport
  4. Reservoir of Minerals
    1. regulates phosphorus and calcium
      1. which bones are made of including zinc,magnesium, iron and chlorine
  5. Growth Centre for Cells
    1. where red blood cells & platelets are made
4. includes these injuries and disease
  1. Stress Fractures
    1. are tiny cracks caused by an increase in activities or when athletes switch their training ground or wear footwear with improper cusioning
  2. Osteoporosis
    1. caused by low bone density
    2. and by calcium defiency
      1. which is bad for bones since they are made up of calcium
  3. Shin Splints
    1. is a common sports injury
      1. it is a painful condition on medial and lateral side of the
        Tibia
  4. Fractures
    1. Simple
      1. is when the bone is not completely cracked through
    2. Commnuted
      1. is when the bone is shattered
    3. Compound
      1. is like simple, except the bone is cracked through??
Muscular system
1. has three types:
  1. Cardiac
    1. Is involuntary meaning it is not controlled conciously and is striated
    2. is found only in the heart
    3. causes the heart to pump blood around the body
  2. Skeletal
    1. muscles and bones connect through tendons (indirect)
      1. or through the outer membrane of the muscle with outer membrane of the bone (direct)
    2. from the anterior view, the major groups are:
      1. that is mainly found in
      2. Abdominals
        of trunk
      3. Rotator cuff
      4. Quadriceps
        which is attached anterior of the
        of knee
        of hip
        the function is the opposite to hamstrings becasue they are on the opposite sides (Anterior/ Po)sterior
      5. Pectorals
        has a minor and a major
    3. from the posterior view, the major muscles groups are
      1. Gluteals
      2. Rhomboids
      3. Calf
      4. Erector Spinae
        is connected to
      5. Hamstrings
        which is attached posterior of the
        of hip
        of knee
  3. Smooth
    1. is involuntary too and is not striated
    2. surrounds the body's internal organs such as
      1. blood vessels
      2. digestive, urinary, and genital tract
      3. hair follicles
2. Contracts using actin and myosin filamants attaching and detatcthing in a rachet motion
  1. There are three types of contractions
    1. Concentric
      1. is shortening
    2. Isometric
      1. is static, meaning no movement
    3. Eccentric
      1. is lengthening
contains movements like:
1. Flexion
2. Extention
3. Plantar Flexion
4. Rotation
5. Adduction

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Anatomy and Physiology

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