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3.1-Animal cells and asexual reproduction
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Biology Mindmap am 3.1-Animal cells and asexual reproduction, erstellt von victoria.graham96 am 22/04/2013.
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biology
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource
3.1-Animal cells and asexual reproduction
Mitosis
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Membrane reforms
Centromeres seperate
Chromatids pulled towards pole centromere first
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Spindles made from centrioles
Chromatids line up on equator
Chromosomes coil and condense
Two chromatids
Centrioles begin to seperate
Nucleolus breaks down
Increase in mass And size and replicate
The characteristics of eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
Largest organelle
Controls the events of the cytoplasm
Contains RNA and DNA
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Double membrane
Surrounds nucleus
Nuclear pore
To allow chemicals to pass in and out of the necleus
Mitochondrion
Power house of the cell
Release energy in the form of ATP
Have outer and inner membrane
Inner membrane folds to form cristae
Surrounded by fluid matrix
Stalked particles
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesis and transport of fatty molecules (steroids and lipids)
Tubular
Cell surface membrane
Edge of cell
Vacuole
Not permanent in animal cells
Form around prey engulfed
Golgi body
Stacks of parallel flattened membrane pockets
Cisternae
Modifies and transports out of cell
Roughy Endoplasmic reticulum
Covered in ribosomes
Makes proteins
Isolates proteins and transports them
Large surface area
Centrioles
Come in pairs (criss cross)
Madeup of nine tubules
Lysosomes
Break down substances
Using digestive enzymes
Growth
Cell division
Basis of growth
Assimilation
Photosynthesis produce new material needed for cell
Cell expansion
When cells get redress ther need. They expand
Things that effect it
Availability of food
Temperature
Light intensity
Genetic make-up
Growth paterns
Continuous growth
When things grow throughout life
Discontinuous growth
When living things moult then grow again
The organisaton of cells
Multicellular organisms made up of SPECIALISED CELLS
Don't work on own so organized into groups of TISSUES
Don't operate in isolation. Further organized to ORGANS
Work together with other organs to create a SYSTEM
Eg heart, lungs, liver ect...
Consist of one or more types of cell
Group of similar cells
4 main types
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
Asexual reproduction and natural cloning
One parent
Produces clones
Strategies of AR
Binary fission
Mitosis followed by splitting
In simple organisms
Regereration
Replace parts of body
Producing spores
Mitosis and producing asexual spores
Spread over great distances
Producing buds
Vegetative propagation
Occurs in flowering plants
Forms structure which develops into individule
Mitotic division
Budding
Mitotic divisions
Smaller but identical individual
Outgrowth from parent
Cell division
Asexual reproduction
Genetically identical offspring from one parent
Chromosomes
Made up of mass of coupled DNA threads
DNAwraps around histone
Forms necleosome
These coil together
Then super coil to form a chromosome
The cell cycle
Sequence of events when cells divide
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
I Pee (on a) M A T
G1
S
G2
Looking at cells
Light/ Optical microscope
Advantages
Living things can be seen
They are fairly cheap
Can be moved around easily
Disadvantages
Staining can produce artifacts
Limited powers of resolution and magnification
Electron microscope
Advantages
Huge powers of resolution and magnification
Disadvantages
Impossible to view living things
Servers treatment artifacts could be produced
Extremely expensive
Can't be moved
,use be kept under certain conditions
Prokaryote cells
Nucleoid
Nuclear material in single coiled strand
Cell surface membrane
Cell wall
Small 70's ribosomes
Glycogen granuales, Lipid droplets
*not in all bacteria
Flagellum (tail)
Plasmids
Mesosome
Where respiration takes place
Photosynthetic membranes
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