Psychological research and scientific method

Application of scientific method
1. Features of science
  1. objectivity
    1. Observable?
    2. Measurable?
  2. Replicable?
  3. Allport
    1. Understand
    2. Predict
    3. Control
  4. Parsimoniosity
  5. Predictions/Hypothesis
    1. Popper
      1. Falsifiable?
    2. Ethical issues
      1. Control
  6. Kuhn
    1. Paradigm
      1. Assumptions
      2. Methods
      3. Terminology
      4. Paradigm shift
        Due to contradictions
    2. Stages in development of a science
      1. Revolutionary science
      2. Normal science
      3. Pre-science
      4. Feyerabend
  7. Scientific procedure
2. Validating new knowledge
  1. Peer review
    1. Research method
    2. controls
    3. procedure
    4. Data
      1. Reporting
    5. Interpretation
  2. Replication
    1. To check reliability
Designing psychological investigations
1. Methods
  1. Experimental method
    1. variables
      1. dependent
      2. Independent
        Conditions
      3. operationalised
    2. Random Allocation
    3. Cause and effect
      1. Confounding variables
  2. Types of experiment
    1. natural
      1. Williams
    2. Labratory
    3. field
    4. quasi-experiment
  3. Design
    1. independent groups
    2. Repeated measures
    3. Matched pairs
  4. Correlational analysis
    1. Curveliniar relationships
    2. Co-variables
  5. Observational studies
    1. Sampling
      1. Time
      2. Event
    2. Participant observation
    3. Non-participant observation
    4. Naturalistic observation
    5. Problems
      1. Observer effect
      2. observer bias
      3. Inter-observer reliability
      4. Replication
        Generalisation
  6. Data collection
    1. Questionnairs
    2. Interviews
    3. Case studies
  7. Pilot studies
2. Sampling
  1. Random sampling
  2. Systematic sampling
  3. Oportunity Sampling
  4. Self-selecting sample
  5. Quota-sampling
  6. Issues
    1. Representativeness
    2. Sampling errors
  7. To find target poputation
3. Reliability
  1. Consistency
  2. Test-retest reliability
  3. Split half reliability
  4. Inter rater reliability
  5. Inter-observer reliability
4. Validity
  1. Ecological Validity
  2. External Validity
  3. Internal validity
  4. Two overall types
    1. content-related
      1. face validity
      2. construct validity
        EPI
    2. criterion-related
      1. Predictive validity
      2. Concurrent validity
5. Ethical considerations
  1. BPS
  2. Fully informed consent
  3. Deception
  4. Debriefing
  5. Right to withdraw
  6. Confidentiality
  7. Ethics comittee
  8. Involuntary participation
Data Analysis and Reporting research
1. graphical representations
  1. Bar charts
    1. means
    2. Medians
  2. Histograms
  3. Frequency polygons
  4. Scattergraphs
2. Probability and significance
  1. Hypothesis
    1. Research
    2. Null
  2. Errors
    1. Type 1
    2. Type 2
3. Analysing quantitative data
  1. Inferential Statistics
    1. Parametric tests
    2. Non-parametric tests
  2. Types of data
    1. Nominal
    2. ordinal
  3. Levels of measurement
  4. Tests
    1. Chi-squared
    2. Mann-Whitney U
    3. Wilcoxon signed ranks
    4. Spearmans rho
4. Analysing qualitative data
  1. Thematic analysis
  2. Categories
    1. Graphical techniques
5. Conventions of reporting
  1. Quantitative research
    1. Title
    2. Abstract
    3. Introduction
    4. Method
      1. Design
      2. Participants
      3. Materials/aparatus
      4. Procedure
    5. Results
    6. Discussion
    7. References
    8. Apendices
  2. Qualitative research
    1. May be personal
    2. Research question instead of hypothesis
    3. analysis instead of results
    4. Reflexive analysis

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Psychological research and scientific method

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