Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Detente 1969-81
- Key events
- Moscow
Summit 1972
- SALT I
Strategic
Arms
Limitation
Talks
- ABM Treaty -
Each side
limited to 2
missile
shields.
- Particularly
benefited USSR -
behind in ABM tech
& coulldn't afford
2nd arms race
- Basic
Principles
Agreement
- 12
fundamental
principles
- improved
stability of
relationship
- Each saw
other as
equal.
- Coexistence
not
confrontation
- Interim
Agreement
on Offensive
Missiles
- Missile
launchers:
1618 (USSR)
1054 (USA)
Sub based
launchers:
740 (USSR),
656 (USA)
- Only temp - full
agreement to
be formed in
1977
- Followed by SALT II -
agreement: ceiling of 2400
missiles & bombers
- Disagreements over
cruise missiles and
Russian 'Backfire'
bombers - US believe
they could reach US
so should be included
- Carter
announced new
nuclear project
- Biggest US construction
project of all time - 200
new missiles, 23 silos,
underground railways
- Not ratified by Congress
following Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan
- Helsinki Accords 1975 -
Governed relations
between East and West
Europe
- Basket 1:
Security issues
- Respect spheres of
influence and each
others' borders.
POssible future border
change - peacful
negotitation
- Basket 2: Economic
cultural, scientific
and Economic
- Improve trading
relations - Western
tech to be shared
with East.
- Undermined legitimacy of
Communism
- Increase in access to
better western goods
made East question
communism as ideology
- Trade across Iron Curtain
increased knowlledge of
stystem with freedom of
speech, press, religion,
politics - East shown
preferable system
- Basket 3: Human Rights
- European states - respect
rights of citizens. Relax travel
restrictions
- Ostpolik
- Sometimes
refered to as
European
Detente
- Brandt overturned
the Hallstein
Doctrine
- Improved
East-West
relations
- Berlin Agreement:
guarenteed West
Ger's borders - no
invasion from East
- Jackson
Vanik
Ammendment
- Part of 1974 Trade Act
- Restricted right to US
trade to nations which
restricted freedom of
movement/immigration
- Clear
'attack' on
USSR
- USSR pull
out of trade
deal -
economy
suffers - no
US tech
- Waiver used to
exclude China
from provisions of J-V
- Oil Crisis - 1973
- OPEC - complete Oil
embargo on Isreali
allies
- 4X oil price
increase within year
- West still able to
respond quickly -
- Economic recovery cut
need for West to
pursue detente
- success?
- Normalisation
- Helsinki
Accords only
pledges -
not legally
binding.
- Human Rights especially ignored by USSR
- KGB suppression of Orlov's
monitoring group (had exposed
Human rights abuses)
- Basic
Principles
Agreement
- Established
framework for
discussions
- contradicted by J-V
- Economic prosperity
- Slowed the Arms
race - USSR
economy couldn't
afford
- Industrial growth fell
in USSR in 1970s - 8.2%
in 1964 1% in 1979
- Led to increased imbalance
between powers -
destabalised
- Us defence spending down: 1970 -
$406 billion, $284 billion 1976 -
result of vietnam
- Jackson Vanik -
raised tensions
- 1974-5 Western
imports to USSR
up by 96%
- Avoid Nuclear War
- SALT I
- Useful
agreements
ABM,
Basic
Principles
- Stabalised the
arms race -
closer to parity
- Created
a
dialogue
- SALT II
- Not able to
continue success of
SALT I
- Overall?
- Stabalised relations
Economic
consequences favoured
US which lead to
imbalance
- Significantly criticised
by some in US -
handing power to
USSR - cheap imports,
no benefit to US,
Human rights not
respected
- End of Detente
- 1979 - Soviet
Invasion of
Afghanistan
- Carter demanded Soviet
withdrawal - looked weak
when no response
- Percieved by US as first
step to expansion
- US fund
Mujahadeen -
Carter's aim to
make war costly
for USSR
- Gave more power to
Hawks in US
administration -
Brzezinski
- Rise of 'Neo
Conservatism' in US
prior to Afghan
invasion
- Increased
confidence as
humiliation of
Vietnam fades
- Iranian Embassy
Crisis - islamic
militants occupy US
embassy in Tehran -
US can do nothing -
appear impotent in
world affairs
- Soviiet
expansion
in 3rd
World
- Soviet violation of
Helsinki Accords (HR)
- Impact of
Reagan and
Thatcher
- Evil Empire
- Causes
- Nixon's
policy, but
both
superpowers
want to avoid
nuclear war
- MAD a certainty
by 1969 - USSR
closed missile gap
- US Motives
- Vietnam
- Withdrawal of
troops Nixon's
main objective
- Cost - $66
million/day at
height of war.
$30billion in
1969
- Economics
- Post war
boom
ending
- 1970:
Inflation
6%
- Unemployment up
more than 6% in
early 70s
- Change in system of
exchange rates -
'Bretton Woods' system
collapsed - currencies no
longer fixed relative
values
- International
trade less
stable
- Kissinger
- Realpolitik: Pursue realistic FP
aims (arms reduction) not
ideological.
- Normalisation:
negotiation
would improve
US/USSR
relations
- USSR motives
- Economics
- USSR economy 1/6
size of US
- Increasing demand
from public - consumer
goods
- Therefore reduce defence
spending & get investment
from west
- Nuclear parity
- 1969: US 28,000
warheads, USSR
11,000
- Achieve parity
without
increasing
spending
- China
- Sino-Soviet split
- Sino-US rapproachment
- 3rd world
- Brezhnev wanted
influnece in 3rd world -
didn't want to provoke
US whilst doing this