Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Psychological Research
- Types of Experiments
- laboratory experiments
Anmerkungen:
- all variables can be controlled
low ecological validity
- field experiments
Anmerkungen:
- natural environment but variables can still be manipulated
slightly impacted ecological validity
- natural experiments
Anmerkungen:
- researchers have no control over variables
naturally occurring events
- Ethics
- informed consent
- deception
- debriefing
- withdrawal
- confidentiality
- protection from harm
- Research Process
- aim
Anmerkungen:
- target population
Anmerkungen:
- intended audience of study
- sample
Anmerkungen:
- nature of a group of participants
- representative sample
Anmerkungen:
- opportunity sampling
Anmerkungen:
- sample of whoever happens to be there and agrees to partcipate
- self-selected sample
Anmerkungen:
- made up of volunteers
--- sample will be highly motivated, rarely reflects population
- snowball sampling
Anmerkungen:
- participants recruit other participants from among friends/family/acquaintances
--- helps reach a specific group of people (e.g. drug users)
- random sampling
Anmerkungen:
- every member of target population has equal chance of being selected
--- obtain representative sample, gets rid of selection bias
- stratified sample
Anmerkungen:
- attempts to overcome representative sample problem by drawing random samples from each subpopulation within the target population
--- more accurately reflects actual distribution of population
- procedure
Anmerkungen:
- step-by-step process used to carry out the study
- findings
Anmerkungen:
- state how researcher interpreted the data that were collected
- application
Anmerkungen:
- how a theory or empirical study is used
- variables
Anmerkungen:
- independent variable - what is being deliberately manipulated
dependent variable - what is affected by the change in independent variable
constant - what is kept the same to limit outside factors, (control confounding variables)
- experimental hypothesis
Anmerkungen:
- predicts relationship between IV and DV
- null hypothesis
Anmerkungen:
- predicts that there will be not results (or results from chance) due to change in IV
- Textbook examples
- Carol Dweck - implicit
theories of intelligence
Anmerkungen:
- people with fixed mindset = intelligence is static
---- entity theory of intelligencepeople with growth mindset = intelligence is not fixed (can be developed)----- incremental theory of intelligence*shows importance of mindset when explaining success*
- Bandura's Self-Efficacy
Anmerkungen:
- self-efficacy - one's own belief as to whether one will success in something (based on previous experiences)
*helps explain success based on individual experiences*
- Rosenthal and Jacobson
1968 - Pygmalion effect
Anmerkungen:
- shows how expectations of teachers affects the learning of students
- PROBLEMS
- sampling bias
Anmerkungen:
- findings can't be generalized to the entire population
- participant variability
Anmerkungen:
- extent to which participants share common set of traits that can bias the outcome of the study
--- characteristics of sample affect the dependent variable
- validity
- ecological validity
Anmerkungen:
- does the study represent what happens in real life
--- artificiality
- cross-cultural validity
Anmerkungen:
- is it relevant to multiple cultures or is it ethnocentric
- reliability
Anmerkungen:
- can the study be replicated?
- Hawthorne effect
Anmerkungen:
- participants act differently to fit the study
--- use single-blind control: participants don't know what the study is about
- researcher bias
Anmerkungen:
- researcher sees what they are looking for
--- use double blind control : neither participants nor conductor of study knows the aim of the study