Topic 1.1-transport around the body

Water in living organisms
1. Dipole
  1. Separation of charge
    1. Slightly positive side, slightly negative side
2. Hydrogen bond
  1. Weak electrostatic attraction
  2. Attraction between oxygen and hydrogen in different molecules
3. Solvent
  1. Other substances dissolve it
4. Expulsions
  1. Tiny droplets of one liquid suspended in another
5. Suspensions
  1. Solid mixed with liquid
  2. Wil separates out if not constantly stirred
6. Surface tension
  1. Property that seems like surface covered in thin elastic skin
7. Anmphoteric
  1. Can act as acid or a base
    1. Acid: forms h+ ions and donates protons
    2. Base: forms OH- ions and accepts protons
Blood circulation
1. Circulation systems
  1. Single circulation
    1. In fish (simple)
  2. Double circulation
    1. Involves 2 circulatory systems
    2. Systemic circulation
      1. Carries oxygenated blood from heart to cells
      2. Carries deoxygenated blood back to heart
    3. Pulmonary circulation
      1. Carries oxygenated blood back to heart
      2. Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
2. The blood vessels
  1. Arteries
    1. Carry blood away from heart
    2. Carries oxygenated blood
      1. Accept pulmonary artery and umbilical artery during pregnancy
    3. Lumen gets smaller further away from heart
      1. Furthest from heart are arterioles
    4. External layer of tough tissue
    5. Smooth lining around lumen
    6. Middle layers contain
      1. Elastic fibres
        More nearest the heart
      2. Smooth muscle
        More further away from heart
    7. Small lumen
  2. Capillaries
    1. Arteriolar feed into them
    2. Branch between cells
    3. Very thin cell wall
    4. Simple
    5. Carry originated blood at first
  3. Veins
    1. Carry blood back to heart
    2. Carrie deoxygenated blood
      1. Accept pulmonary vein and umbilical vein
    3. Venules lead from capillaries and form 2 veins
      1. Inferior vena cave
        From lower parts of body
      2. Superior vena cava
        From upper arts of body
    4. Tough outer layer
      1. Mainly collagen fibres
    5. Smooth inner surface
    6. Thin layer of smooth muscle. Few elastic fibres
    7. Relatively large lumen
    8. Have semi lunar valves
      1. Blood can pass towards heart but can't go back
The role of blood
1. Circulation
  1. Passage of blood through vessels
2. Components of blood
  1. Plasma
    1. Main component of blood
    2. Contains frininogen
    3. Consists largely of water
  2. Erythrocytes
    1. Red blood cells
    2. Contain harmoglobin
      1. Red pigment that carries oxygen
    3. Formed in red bone marrow
  3. Leucocytes
    1. White blood cells
    2. Can change there shapes
    3. Defend against disease
      1. Make antibodies
        Destroy pathogens
      2. Make antitoxins
        Neutralize poisons (toxins)
      3. Go through phagocytosis
        Engulf and digest pathogens
  4. Platelets
    1. Tiny fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes
    2. Found in bone marrow
    3. Involved in blood clotting
3. Pathogens
  1. Disease causing bacteria/viruses
The blood clotting mechanism
1. Damaged tissue
  1. Releases platelets
    1. Releases thromboplastin
      1. Catalysis prothrombin to..
        Thrombin
        Catalyses fibrinogen to...
        Fibrin
        Mesh of fibres
        Traps blood cells and more platelets
        Forms clot
        Ca2+ ions have to be present
Transport systems
1. Diffusion
  1. Free movement of particles down a concentration gradient
2. Concentration gradient
  1. From high concentration to low concentration
3. Hormone
  1. Chemical (insulin or adrenalin)
4. Mass transport system
  1. The flow of substances with a mechanism/pump
5. Osmosis
  1. The movement of water along concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane
6. Active transport
  1. Energy used to move substances against a concentration gradient
Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
1. Oxygen
  1. Haemoglobin picks up 4 oxygen molecules
  2. Haemoglobin in red blood cells
  3. Oxygen moves from lungs to red blood cells by diffusion
  4. Keeps steep concentration gradient so more oxygen can diffuse
  5. Diffuses into body cells
2. carbon dioxide
  1. Waste CO2 diffuses into blood from cells
  2. Reacts with water to form H2CO3
  3. Separates to form ions H+ and HCO3-
  4. HCO3- diffuse out of blood cells and Cl ions move in
  5. CO2 diffuse out of blood into lungs

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Topic 1.1-transport around the body

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