Analytical Theory

1. Dialectical forces

   Anmerkungen:

   • Jung ascribes the development of the psyche or consciousness as a dialectical relationship between opposing forces.
2. Physiological dimension

   Anmerkungen:

   • Processes and drives essential for physical survival.
3. Social dimension

   Anmerkungen:

   • Concern with the interaction with other people
4. Psychic dimension

   Anmerkungen:

   • all conscious processes which can be logically understood and explained by reason and which helps the person adapt to his or her reality.
5. Spiritual Religious dimension

   Anmerkungen:

   • People's dependence on and subjection to irrational experiences. Experiences which cannot be understood or explained by reason.
6. Holism

   Anmerkungen:

   • Jung places the psyche in a collective context, which makes his view of the psyche holistic.

1. Conscious

   Anmerkungen:

   • Essence of the conscious is the Ego and the conscious is an essential prerequisite for the development of the Ego.
   • The Ego comprises all conscious aspects of functioning - sensation, perception, emotion, thought, evaluation and active memory.
   1. External functioning of the ego

      Anmerkungen:

      • process by which ego helps structure reality through sensory perception and thereby facilitates interaction with external world.
   2. Internal functioning of the ego

      Anmerkungen:

      • The ego structures the individual's awareness of him/herself to bestow on the person own identity which remains fairly constant over time.
2. Personal Unconscious

   Anmerkungen:

   • The unique storeroom of individual experiences and interactions with the world and the accompanying interpretations of these interactions.
   • Content is available to the conscious and continual interaction between the personal unconscious and the ego.
   • Contents in the unconscious are formed by: *Data loses intensity and is forgotten. *Sensory impression not intense enough to penetrate consciousness but do enter psyche subliminally. *Some mental information is repressed to unconsciousness.
   1. Individual Complexes

      Anmerkungen:

      • Most important contents of the personal unconscious.
      • A complex is a transformed instinct. It is a composite of ideas or experiences loaded with specific emotional intensity, with two components: repeated personal experiences in interaction with the environment and archetypes and instincts from the collective unconscious. I.e. a complex is formed when an archetype or instinct is combined with a personal experience."An instinct which has undergone too much psychization can take it's revenge in the form of an autonomous complex"
3. Collective Unconscious

   Anmerkungen:

   • The inherent potential that has been transmitted from previous generations. It is a blueprint which is universal to all human beings and forms the foundation of the individual psyche. It exists completely independently and is not influenced by the conscious and personal unconscious, but causes influence on these. It contains instincts and archetypes.
   • Instincts refer more to physiologically inherited impulses which determine behaviour without conscious motivation.
   1. Persona

      Anmerkungen:

      • Person's public face "mask or facade". Develops in relation to the role that the individual must fulfill in society. Also reflects the individual's perception of his or her expected role and how he or she would like to be perceived. That which one is not in reality, but which one and others think one is.
   2. Anima & Animus

      Anmerkungen:

      • Anima is the female archetype Animus is the male archetype Each individual possesses both archetypes.  Dialectical forces - In male the anima at unconscious level. In female the animus at unconscious level.
   3. Shadow

      Anmerkungen:

      • Primitive animal instincts inherited by humanity. Strongest and most dangerous archetype because it contains the impulsive urges and emotions normally unacceptable to society and therefore repressed. It threatens the persona.
   4. Self

      Anmerkungen:

      • Archetype which motivates an individual to integrate the various components of the psyche into a harmonious whole. Represents a person's striving towards unity,integration, completeness and wholeness.
      • The self surfaces when the conscious and the unconscious are no longer in opposition to each other and accept each other.
      • The self is the central archetype and forms the nucleus of the personality around which all the other systems cluster.

Anmerkungen:

• Causal approach yet regards a teleological future perspective.  Behavior not only the outcome of driving past forces but also striving for completeness. Also synchronicity which are meaningful concurrences between events with no causal direction.

1. Human Being as Energy System

   Anmerkungen:

   • Physical and Psychic energy is referred to as libido. Psychic energy is hypothetical and therefore not directly observable. The intensity of energy invested is referred to as psychic value.
   1. Distribution of energy

      Anmerkungen:

      • Concept derived from thermodynamics (science of the relationship of heat as a source of energy to other sources of energy and specifically the conversion of energy from one form to another)
      1. Principle of equality

         Anmerkungen:

         • Conservation of energy postulates that the psyche conserves energy and never loses or adds to it.
      2. Principle of entropy

         Anmerkungen:

         • Balance - postulates that energy floes from stronger to weaker elements to ensure a balance.
      3. Progression

         Anmerkungen:

         • The daily advance of the process of psychological adaptation. It takes place when the ego successfully adapts to the demands of the environment and the needs of the unconscious, so that the flow of energy reconciles these opposing forces.
      4. Regression

         Anmerkungen:

         • Flow of energy is blocked preventing a successful compromise between the opposing systems.
      5. Sublimation

         Anmerkungen:

         • Displacement of energy from an instinctive or less differentiated process to a more differentiated process, usually of a cultural or spiritual nature.
      6. Repression

         Anmerkungen:

         • Conscious impulses threaten the ego or the persona and are repressed to the unconscious.
   2. Interaction between subsystems
      1. Opposition

         Anmerkungen:

         • Polar relationships for generation of tension essential for life.
      2. Compensation

         Anmerkungen:

         • Opposites attract and complement each other.
      3. Synthesis

         Anmerkungen:

         • People not condemned to perpetual conflict but a union can be effected between opposing systems.
2. Attitudes of the Psyche
   1. Introversion

      Anmerkungen:

      • Inner directedness of psychic energy based on the subjective experiences of the ego. Preoccupied with own emotions and experiences.
   2. Extraversion

      Anmerkungen:

      • Directed towards external reality, people, events and objects outside the ego.
3. Functions of the Psyche
   1. Irrational functions

      Anmerkungen:

      • Reaction without rational consideration coming into play.
      1. Sensation

         Anmerkungen:

         • Experience of the psyche of external impulses through the senses.
      2. Intuition

         Anmerkungen:

         • Unconscious perception on a subliminal level. Immediate experience and consciousness beyond bodily confines of time and space.
   2. Rational functions

      Anmerkungen:

      • Indirect ways of processing and reacting on the basis of rational decision process.
      1. Thinking

         Anmerkungen:

         • Logical and structuring function directed towards the objective explanation and understanding of the world.
      2. Feeling

         Anmerkungen:

         • Evaluative function by which information is judged as good or bad and forms the basis of subjective feelings of pleasure, sadness, anger or love.
4. Personality Types
   1. Extravert-thinking (ET)
   2. Extravert-feeling (EF)
   3. Extravert-sensing (ES)
   4. Extravert-intuitive (EI)
   5. Introvert-thinking (IT)
   6. Introvert-feeling (IF)
   7. Introvert-sensing (IS)
   8. Introvert-intuitive

1. Individuation

   Anmerkungen:

   • Process whereby the infant's undifferentiated psyche divides into subsystems
2. Transcendent Function

   Anmerkungen:

   • Person's development of a synthesis between the opposed differentiated systems of the psyche can be achieved in attaining the self.
3. Optimal Development

   Anmerkungen:

   • Attaining the self.
4. Psychopathology

   Anmerkungen:

   • Pathology is caused by the lopsided development of one part or one system of the psyche, or the fragmentation of a system when that system develops a totally autonomous existence.

1. Word-association test

   Anmerkungen:

   • Standard list of word read out by researcher to which subject must respond with first word that comes to mind. Certain words elicit unusual responses which indicates emotionally loaded complexes.
2. Dream analysis

   Anmerkungen:

   • Path to the unconscious and an important means of gaining insight into a person's unconscious and irrational functioning.
   • Jung prefers to use a number of consecutive dreams and not free association because it can lead to misinterpretation. Jung takes context into account. True symbolism is mutifaceted and various methods should be combined to discover the real meaning.
   • Jung found a correlation between the symbols in dreams and the symbols used in mediaeval alchemy. This served as sufficient proof for the existence of archetypes.
3. Active imagination

   Anmerkungen:

   • Part dream, part vision as a type of introspection that generates visual images.
4. Inventories of personality types

   Anmerkungen:

   • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a 166 forced choice item questionnaire.
5. Psychotherapy

   Anmerkungen:

   • Process through which patients are enabled to discover their own psyche so that it may be brought to full individuation in moving towards the attainment of self through counteracting one-sided development.
   1. 1. Confession

      Anmerkungen:

      • Forces individual to acknowledge limitations towards other people and thereby experience catharsis and emotional cleansing by revealing pathogenic secrets of the psyche. This leads to transference (bond of dependence) with the therapist.
   2. 2. Enlightenment

      Anmerkungen:

      • Therapist's interpretations of the unconscious material revealed by the patient, through which the patient begins to gain insight.
   3. 3. Education

      Anmerkungen:

      • Patient begins to incorporate into his or her personality the insights and begins adaptation to social environment.
   4. 4. Transformation

      Anmerkungen:

      • Attained only by a few patients who have the necessary development potential. Transcendence of the psyche towards the self.
6. Religion

   Anmerkungen:

   • Christ is the symbol of the self God is not purely good because he possesses the polar contrasts of good and evil.
7. Interpretation and handling of aggression

   Anmerkungen:

   • Aggression is the function of the shadow which has been suppressed or inadequately channeled.