Approaches & Methods in ESL

Approaches
1. Communicative
  1. Student Centered
    1. Emphasis on communication
      1. Seldom content-based
  2. Use of L1 for explanations
  3. Scaffolded Instruction
2. Grammatical
  1. Teacher-Centered
    1. Emphasis on rules & structure of target language
      1. Focus on total immersion of L2
        No use of L1 allowed in class
3. Cognitive
  1. Learner-centered
  2. Focuses on explicit teaching of learning strategies
    1. CALLA
      1. Developmentally App. Lang. Inst.
      2. Focus on CALP in L1 & L2
      3. Focus on prior knowledge
      4. Cooperative Learning
Methods
1. Sheltered
  1. Hands-On Activities
    1. Uses interactive/application activities & manipulatives
      1. Targets multiple learning styles
  2. Cooperative Learning
    1. Students work collaboratively
      1. Helps Reduce Language Barrier
      2. Reduces Affective Filter
  3. Guarded Vocab.
    1. Teacher consciously controls his/her lang.
      1. Slows rate of speech
        Makes Instruction comprehensible
  4. Visuals
    1. photos, media, computers, drawings, charts, tables, diagrams
      1. Visual links to key concepts
      2. Assists Comprehension
2. ICB
  1. Based on students' academic & linguistic needs
  2. Emphasizes Communication
    1. L2 development is a goal
    2. Increases social interaction
  3. Cultivates SWRL
  4. Builds on background knowledge
3. CALLA
  1. Enrich lang. for academic communication
  2. Applicable at all target lang. levels
  3. Emphasizes Learning strategies
    1. Cognitive
    2. metacognitive
    3. social/affective

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Approaches & Methods in ESL

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