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B5 Growth and Development
- The Development of Organisms
- Development of New Organisms
- Up to the 8 cell stage, all human cells are
unspecialised and they can have any gene switched
on to form any kind of specialised cell.
- After the 8 cell stage the cells in an embryo
become specialised and form differernt types of
tissue
- The cells contain the same genes, but many
genes are not active (switched off) because the
cell only produces the proteins it needs to do
its job.
- The cells contain the same genes, but many
genes are not active (switched off) because the
cell only produces the proteins it needs to do
its job.
- After the 8 cell stage the cells in an embryo
become specialised and form differernt types of
tissue
- Up to the 8 cell stage, all human cells are
unspecialised and they can have any gene switched
on to form any kind of specialised cell.
- Living organisms are made up of cells. In
multicellular organisms such as humans and
plants.
- Similar cells from a tissue, groups of tissues
form an organ, groups of organs make up
systems within the whole organism.
- Similar cells from a tissue, groups of tissues
form an organ, groups of organs make up
systems within the whole organism.
- Development of New Organisms
- Mitosis
- This is the division of
body cells to produce
new cells.
- Each new cell has;
- Identical sets of
chromosomes as the parent
cell.
- The same number of
chromosomes as the parent
cell
- The same
genes as the
parent cell
- Identical sets of
chromosomes as the parent
cell.
- Each new cell has;
- For growth, for
repair, to replace old
tissues
- To enable mitosis to take
place, cells go through a cycle
of growth and then division. The
cycle repeats itself until the cell
can no linger divide.
- When a cell enters the growth phase.
- The number of organelles increase, the
chromosomes are copied- the two strands of
each DNA molecule seperate and new
strands form alongside them.
- The number of organelles increase, the
chromosomes are copied- the two strands of
each DNA molecule seperate and new
strands form alongside them.
- When a cell enters the division phase of the cycle.
- The copies of the
chromosomes
separate, the cell
divides
- The copies of the
chromosomes
separate, the cell
divides
- When a cell enters the growth phase.
- This is the division of
body cells to produce
new cells.
- Meiosis
- Meiosis only takes place in the testes and ovaries and
is a special type of cell division that produces gametes
(sex cells,e.g egg and sperm).
- Meiosis only takes place in the testes and ovaries and
is a special type of cell division that produces gametes
(sex cells,e.g egg and sperm).
- Fertilisation
- During fertilisation a male gamete (sperm)
and a female gamete (egg) fuse together
to produce a single body, cell called a
zygote
- The zygote then divides by mitosis to
produce a cluster of cells called an
embryo.
- The embryo continues to divide by
mitosis, after which the cells become
specialised, until birth as a fully
developed babyb
- The embryo continues to divide by
mitosis, after which the cells become
specialised, until birth as a fully
developed babyb
- The zygote then divides by mitosis to
produce a cluster of cells called an
embryo.
- During fertilisation a male gamete (sperm)
and a female gamete (egg) fuse together
to produce a single body, cell called a
zygote
- Variation
- Meiosis and sexual
reproduction produce
variation between offspring
and parents
- When the gametes fuse,
genetic information from
two individuals is
combined.
- For each gene, just one of
each parent's alleles is
passed on.
- Each offspring have a
different combination of
alleles from either parent.
- The offspring can have
different characteristics from
each other.
- When the gametes fuse,
genetic information from
two individuals is
combined.
- Meiosis and sexual
reproduction produce
variation between offspring
and parents
- Genes
- Genes are present in
the chromosomes in
each cell nucleus.
- The control
- Growth and development in organisms
- The development of characteristics, e.g. eye colour.
- Growth and development in organisms
- The control
- Genetic code
- Genes control characteristics by
providing intructions for the production
of proteins
- The instructions are in the form of a code,
made up of four bases that hold the two
strands of the double helix of the DNA
molecule together.
- The four bases always pair up in
the same way.
- Adenine (A) pairs with
Thymine (T)
- Cytosine (C) pairs with
Guanine (G)
- Adenine (A) pairs with
Thymine (T)
- The four bases always pair up in
the same way.
- The instructions are in the form of a code,
made up of four bases that hold the two
strands of the double helix of the DNA
molecule together.
- Genes control characteristics by
providing intructions for the production
of proteins
- Genes are present in
the chromosomes in
each cell nucleus.
- Controlling Growth and Development
- DNA is too large to leave the nucleus. The genes therefore stay
inside the nucleus but the production of proteins takes place outside
the nucleus.
- Information stored in the genes has to
be transferred into the cytoplasm.The
transfer is done in the following way.
- 1). The relevant section
of DNA is unzipped.
- 2).Instructions are copied onto smaller
molecules(messenger RNA or mRNA)
- 3). These molecules leave the nucleus
and carry the instructions to the
ribosomes
- 4). The ribosomes follow the instructions
to make a relevant protein.
- 4). The ribosomes follow the instructions
to make a relevant protein.
- 3). These molecules leave the nucleus
and carry the instructions to the
ribosomes
- 2).Instructions are copied onto smaller
molecules(messenger RNA or mRNA)
- 1). The relevant section
of DNA is unzipped.
- Information stored in the genes has to
be transferred into the cytoplasm.The
transfer is done in the following way.
- The sequence of bases in a gene determines
the order in which amino acids are joined
together to make a particular protein.
- A group of three base pairs codes
for one amino acid in a protein chain,
called a triplet code. There are are 20
different amino acids are made.
- The structure of the protein
depends on the amino acids that
make it up, the process is as
follows:
- 1).DNA unravels at the correct gene.
- 2). A copy of the coding strand is made
to produce mRNA
- 3). The mRNA copy moves
from the nucleus into the
cytoplasm.
- 4). The triplet code is decoded by
the ribosomes.
- 5).Amino acids are joined together to form
a polypeptide (protein)
- 5).Amino acids are joined together to form
a polypeptide (protein)
- 4). The triplet code is decoded by
the ribosomes.
- 3). The mRNA copy moves
from the nucleus into the
cytoplasm.
- 2). A copy of the coding strand is made
to produce mRNA
- 1).DNA unravels at the correct gene.
- The structure of the protein
depends on the amino acids that
make it up, the process is as
follows:
- A group of three base pairs codes
for one amino acid in a protein chain,
called a triplet code. There are are 20
different amino acids are made.
- DNA is too large to leave the nucleus. The genes therefore stay
inside the nucleus but the production of proteins takes place outside
the nucleus.
- Stem cells
- stem cells could be used to.
- help treat diseases and disorders.
- Repair damage to various
tissues
- help treat diseases and disorders.
- There are three sources
- Embryos
- Only embryonic stem cells are
completely unspecialised and can be
used to form any cell type
- Ethical decisions need to be taken when
using embryonic stem cells and this work is
subject to government regulation.
- Ethical decisions need to be taken when
using embryonic stem cells and this work is
subject to government regulation.
- Only embryonic stem cells are
completely unspecialised and can be
used to form any cell type
- Blood from the
umbilical cord
- Adult stem cells from
bone marrow
- Embryos
- stem cells could be used to.
- Differentiation in Plants
- Plant cells divide by the process of mitosis,
New cells in plants specialise into the cells of:
roots, leaves, flowers
- Plant cells divide by the process of mitosis,
New cells in plants specialise into the cells of:
roots, leaves, flowers
- Meristems
- plant growth only occurs in areas called
meristems, which are sites where
unspecialised cells are dividing by
mitosid
- The two types of meristem: Lateral, which leads to
increased girth and Apical which leads to increased
height and longer roots
- some plant cells remain unspecialised and can
develop into any kind of plant cell. these cells allow
clones of plants with desireble features
- some plant cells remain unspecialised and can
develop into any kind of plant cell. these cells allow
clones of plants with desireble features
- The two types of meristem: Lateral, which leads to
increased girth and Apical which leads to increased
height and longer roots
- plant growth only occurs in areas called
meristems, which are sites where
unspecialised cells are dividing by
mitosid
- Xylem and Phloem
- Xylem tubes are used by the plant
to: transport water and soluble
mineral salts from the roots to the
stem and leaves.
- Phloem tubes are used by the plant to
transport dissolved food to the whole
plant for respiration or storage.
- Xylem tubes are used by the plant
to: transport water and soluble
mineral salts from the roots to the
stem and leaves.
- Cuttings
- Produced in the following way.
- 1). Cuttings are taken from a plant.
- 2). the cuttings are put in a rooting hormone.
- 3).roots start to form and the new plants develop.
- 3).roots start to form and the new plants develop.
- 2). the cuttings are put in a rooting hormone.
- 1). Cuttings are taken from a plant.
- Produced in the following way.
- Photopism
- Plants respond to light by changing the direction in
which they grow. This is called phototropism.They
grow towards a light source.
- Auxin is produced at the shoot tip, it moves
down the shoot, causing cells further down
the shoot to grow
- When light shines on a shoot, auxin
near the light source is slowly
destroyed, so there's more auxin on
the far side away from the light.
- Making the plant
bend towards the
light.
- Making the plant
bend towards the
light.
- When light shines on a shoot, auxin
near the light source is slowly
destroyed, so there's more auxin on
the far side away from the light.
- Auxin is produced at the shoot tip, it moves
down the shoot, causing cells further down
the shoot to grow
- Plants respond to light by changing the direction in
which they grow. This is called phototropism.They
grow towards a light source.
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