METHODS AND APPROACHES

16. CONTENT BASED INSTRUCTION
1. Activities: Debates and discussions, work in different matters.
2. Materials' role: Provide students knowledge about the use of the foreign language on different disciplines
3. Learner role: autonomous, they empower of their own learning
4. Aims and objectives: Use the language as a medium to learn about different subjects.
5. Theory of learning:Students should be involved in relevant content
6. Theory of language: Language language as a medium to convey relevant and meaningful content.
7. Teacher role: They should about different disciplines to teach the language
9. COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNING METHOD
1. Teacher role: he/she is a counselor. Teacher provides a safe environment in which students can learn and grow
2. Theory of learning: Language is not just a system for communication, it is vital to consider people's culture, education, etc.
3. Activities: Group work, free conversation, and interaction.
4. Aims and objectives: like in a community the teacher transfer his or her knowledge and proficiency to his/her students.
5. Theory of language: Learning is a social process that involves the whole person.
6. Materials' role: Materials are developed according to students' needs and their context
7. Learner role: Learners are members of a community, so it is important to work together and share experiences.
8. Classroom environment: It is a safe environment, like a family.
2. THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD
1. Aims and objectives: Provide students a deeper understanding of grammar and promote reading and writing rather than listening and speaking in the foreign language
2. Learner role: He/she is a consumer of knowledge, is a passive receptor, who reproduce information
3. Teacher role: He is the owner of knowledge, he decides what content to teach.
4. Activities: translation on longer texts, and sentences, and reading and some writing exercises
5. Materials' role: Textbooks provide explanations and isolated examples of grammar rules
6. Theory of language: language consists of structures and abstract rules.
7. Theory of learning: Learning as a cognitive faculty that allow students to memorize grammatical rules.
8. Classroom environment:
3. THE DIRECT METHOD
1. Theory of languge: Language is a system that involve codes and comands.
2. Materials' role: Pictures, objects, and demonstrations.
3. Teacher role: Teacher takes the control, He should correct pronunciation and grammar mistakes fast.
4. Learner role: Learners should participate in the classroom and try to interact most of the time.
5. Activities: Listening comprehension exercises, speech, Question and answers, etc.
6. Aims and objectives: Encourage oral interaction and spontaneous use of language
7. Theory of learning: Children learn a foreign language in a natural as they learn their mother tongue
8. Classroom environment: it is a classroom where students and the teacher interact a lot
18. LEARNER-CENTERED INSTRUCTION
1. Theory of language: Language as a social construction.
2. Learner role: He/she is creative and innovative
3. Materials' role: Marials that take into account learners' needs styles and goals.
4. Theory of learning. Learning involves learners need, styles, etc.
5. Activities: group work and strategy training
6. Teacher role:Give students a sense of ownership of their learning.
7. Aims and objectives: Give students control and responsibility over the language learning process.
8. Classroom environment: It is a space where student have certain control of the classroom
8. SUGGESTOPEDIA
1. Learner role: He/she is a passive learner, who waits that music and L2 works on his/her
2. Activities: Listening exercises under deep relaxation, questions and answers, reading aloud and role play.
3. Theory of language: Language as a cognitive ability. IT emphasizes the listening skill
4. Aims and objectives: Get students with high listening and speaking skills.
5. Teacher role: to create a good environment, choose appropriate material, so he handle the situation at all
6. Theory of learning: Music has the power to stimulate the human mind, thus learning occurs faster.
7. Materials' role: Consist of posters, Baroque music, and texts for reading aloud
8. Classroom environment: It is a comfortable space, that offers relaxation
10. THE NATURAL APPROACH
1. Aims and objectives: Stimulate in students the use of the basic personal communicative skills in real life situations.
2. Learner role: He plays an active role, he should try to use language for meaningful communication.
3. Activities: work in groups, discussions guided by the teacher, ask and answer questions, etc.
4. Theory of learning: in the learning of L2 there are two ways to develop it.. the first is acquisition (unconscious and natural process) and the second is learning(conscious process)
5. Theory of language: Language as a serious of stages and it is about meaning and vocabulary while grammar will be acquired through the process
6. Materials' role: materials come from everyday life, it means, they are meaningful for students, therefore, they promote comprehension and communication
7. Teacher role: his primary role is to provide comprehensible input, besides, he should spread positive affective factors around the classroom
8. Classroom environment: It is a supportive environment, it demands low anxiety and positive affection in the classroom.
12. THE ECLECTIC APPROACH
1. Activities: work in teams, oral presentations, written and reading activities and so on.
2. Learning theory: learning involves a set of basic principles of learning and teaching that are in interaction with the classroom practice
3. Theory of language: Language as an ability to construct meaning and social relations.
4. Aims and objectives: Teach the language according to a number of experience regarding the context,the students, etc
5. Learner role: Learners could be play different roles, like receptors, but in others situations could be more active and autonomous.
6. Teacher role: teachers are facilitators, they also transfer their knowledge.
7. Materials' role: provide students strategies and activities to facilitate the learning process.
5. TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE
1. Theory of language: Language is a system of stuctures. and as a code (oral, facial and body expresions)
2. Learning theory: learning L2 AND L1 is the same, so comprehension is before production.
3. Teacher role: He/she is active and play a central role in the process, and give instructions through actions
4. Materials' role: there is no text, at the beginning, voice, action and gestures are sufficient, later, slides, items, etc, could be used.
5. Aims and objectives: Transmit meaning by actions and teach oral proficiency to students.
6. Learner role: they are passive, they are listeners and performers.
7. Activities: Imperative drills to get physical actions from students.
8. Classroom environment: It should be a wide space, that allow the teacher and their students to move, act and express freely
7. THE SILENT WAY
1. Materials' role: Physical objects are introduced (colored rod, new items, vocabulary charts, to give students an idea of its meaning.
2. Teacher role. Teachers must remain in silent most of the time. They just introduce and idea or topic and then they allow students to continue alone.
3. Learner role: learners are autonomous, independent, therefore they are responsible for their own learning and for their personal growth
4. Activities: students normally responses to commands, questions and visual cues, in order to shape their speaking and without grammatical explanations.
5. Theory of learning: second language learning is an intellectual, cognitive process. It is important a self silent reflection, before to produce.
6. Theory of language: Language as an cognitive ability.
7. Aims and objectives: Get native fluency, correct pronunciation, handle grammar in context and learner learns how to learn a language (autonomy)
13.COOPERATIVE AND COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
1. Teacher role: Provides assistance and guidance to their students.
2. Learner role: Active learner, who constructs knowledge with his peers.
3. Aims and objectives: Work in groups and support each other
4. Materials' role: Provide students opportunities to share and support each other
5. Activities: pair and group work.
6. Learning theory: Students learn from each other, so learning is a social process.
7. Theory of language: Language as a tool for interaction
8. Classroom environment: It is a supportive environment, everybody interact and share with the other in order to help each other
17. TASK BASED INSTRUCTION
1. Theory of language: Language as serious of tasks that require all learner abilities.
2. Theory of learning: the learning process is a set of communicative tasks that improve learning.
3. Activities: Real world activities, problems to solve, drills.
4. Materials' role: provide students real language experiences
5. Teacher role: Modeling, design effective tasks
6. Aims and objectives: Engage learners in different task that involve real contexts
7. Learner role: learners play an active role.
11. THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
1. Activities: Debates, team work and all tasks that involve sharing and interaction.
2. learning theory: Learning involves real communication, so it occurs better when learners are exposed to meaningful tasks.
3. Theory of language: Language is socially construct, so it requires interaction and meaningful communication with the other.
4. Aims and objectives: Promote the communicative competence, and the effective use of language functions rather than grammar rules.
5. Learner role: Learner as negotiator and interactor, who receive but also produce knowledge.
6. Teacher role: Teacher is a facilitator of the communication, he provides meaningful situation and tasks, besides he is a counselor and a model.
7. Materials' role: material is authentic, it promotes communicative language.
8. Classroom environment: it is a place that demands lot of interaction
1. THE LITERARY METHOD
1. Aims and objectives: Apply the grammar rules for translation and reading and writing exercises
2. Activities: Translating sentences, texts, and memorization
3. Learner role: He/she is a recipient, who memorize many grammar structures to apply them as their were taught
4. Teacher role: he/she provide student all the knowledge about the language and he has to correct students errors immediately.
5. Materials' role: Provide texts to translate and for reading exercises. And explanation of grammar use.
6. Theory of language: Language as system, it is a set of grammar structures
7. Theory of learning: Learning involves to memorize and master grammar structures. vocabulary, etc.
8. Classroom environment: All in the classroom is under the control of the teacher.
15. WHOLE LANGUAGE EDUCATION
1. Activities: Debates, discussion.
2. Theory of language: Learning involves to construct meaning and to construct reality:
3. Learning theory: language is perceived in a holistic perspective (all language skills are integrated)
4. Materials' role: Provide students real material, to discuss about it
5. Teacher role: Present their students the language as a whole and teach them how to integrate all skills and to empower their learners to themselves from social forces.
6. Learner role: Is active learner and also is critical.
7. Aims and objectives: Build meaningful connections between everyday learning and school learning
8. Classroom environment: It is a reflective environment, where learners reflect about language and society.
14. INTERACTIVE LEARNING
1. Theory of learning: (Interaction Hypothesis) Significant input and output develop and improve learners communicative abilities.
2. Theory of language: Language is a social construction, it means "give and take"
3. Aims and objectives: Create opportunities for genuine interaction in the classroom.
4. Activities: Pair and group work and production of oral and written tasks for real audiences.
5. Materials' role: Provide students authentic material to prepare them for real communication
6. Teacher role: his/her role is like a mediator and a model who provides learning and communication opportunities and
7. Learner role: Students play an active role
4. THE AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD
1. Learning theory: learn habits by practicing, it implies repetition. Introduce oral language before written.
2. Learner role: they are passive, they are trained and directed by the teacher to produce correct responses.
3. Teacher role: He is active and a central agent who provides a model.
4. Materials' role: Tapes and visuals in order to provide a model of speaking and enhance students listening
5. Activities:Repetition and memorization, and dialogues and drills.
6. Theory of language: Language is a set of establish rules.
7. Aims and objectives: Control of sound structures and forms. one of his goals is native- speaker mastery
6.NOTIONAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
1. Materials' role: Textbooks provide useful expression for students
2. Activities: pair and group work, and role play.
3. Theory of learning: learning a language involves several functions used in culture encounters.
4. Theory of language: Language is a st of of functions.
5. Teacher role: Give students tools for interaction
6. Aims and objectives: Promote English proficiency through the use of functions of language
7. Learner role: learners are able to express their ideas feelings etc using functions of language.
JHON ALEXANDER ESTRADA H

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